【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑1-11】

m1nt

1. 25’
P：Investor-owned hospitals require less investment, fewer employee, higher occupy levels
C: The investor owned hospital will deliver better medical care than the non-profit hospitals.
Weaken: NP hospitals, patients recover faster

2. 30’
P: Infant mortality rate= health status
In US, Higher than many countries, overall delines
C: Doesn’t mean babies in US are healthier now
Support:

3. 33s
Info1: Human failure not responsible
Info2: New rules, more mechanical problems
Assumption:

4. 20’
P: The fact that graduates who graduated in 1960 yielded a puzzle.
C: The half graduates who did the survey responded their academic is among the top of 1/4.
Resolve: Most top students did survey

5. 30‘
P: sales increased after added pharma section
C: Add clothes dept, restaurant, garden shop to increase sales
Weaken: pharma is different from clothes dept etc, pharma success doesn’t mean clothes dept will get success
2 Add more means more tax, wont get more profits
3. Only one store? Other stores will do the same

jenniferlyy125

1. 23’
P: investor-owned hospitals require less public investment, few employees, and have high occupancy levels, compared with nonprofit hospitals
C: Therefore investor-owned hospitals deliver better medical care.
【因果】假性因果。文章错误滴把investment, employee, occupancy level和medical care quality 因果联系在一起。
削弱，就是指出两个没有因果关系。Less public investment, fewer employees, and higher occupancy levels not necessarily bring higher medical care. 或者直接削弱结论，investor-owned hospitals not provide better medical care

2. 36’
P: the infant mortality rate is an indicator of society’s health status
P: the overall mortality rate is declining
C: however the decline do not represent that babies in US are healthier than before
【差异】婴儿的死亡率是社会健康的标志，最近整体的死亡率下降了，但是不表示婴儿比以前更加健康
The United States has been developing and his achieved extremely sophisticated technology for saving premature and low-birth-weight babies, most of whom require extended hospital stays. 美国的科技可以救早熟的和低于正常体重的婴儿，大多数的这些不正常婴儿需要更长的住院时间。
所以死亡率降低，只是因为有更好的科技了

3. 44’

P: new and more stringent rules have been in effect since last August

C: therefore the 50 percent increase in airplane problems were caused by the new rules, but not human failure

【因果】因为去年八月新的严格规定颁布了，所以增加的飞机问题是因为新的规定，而不是人为。这里把同时发生的新规定和增加的错误定位因果关系。

假设，就是规定是唯一原因，人为没有影响。没有他因。The new rules are the only reason for the increased problems, and no reasons including human failure are account for that.

4. 33’

P: half of the alumni indicated that there were in the 1/4 of the graduating class

【差异】一半被调查的毕业生说当时他们在top 25%。出现调查，就要怀疑调查的代表性。或许调查的都是好学生，所以一半的人都是top 25%里面的，没有任何理由说明被调查的就是平均分布的。

Explanation: half of the alumni surveyed were in the top 25%, or only the top alumni were selected to join the survey, or only those who were good students were responded to the survey….

jenniferlyy125

AA

P: the sales of the store have increased by 20% since the open of pharmacy section
P: customer’s main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping
C: therefore the store should add clothing department and other new services like restaurant and a garden shop to increase profits, and gaining the competitive advantage of having various services in a single store
Attack:
1.        错误假设: the 20% sales increase might not necessarily because of the pharmacy department. It might result from other reasons, eg, stores’ marketing strategies, larger population of the area, and bankrupt of other pharmacies in the area.
2.        错误类比: the increase of 20% sales because of the open up of the pharmacy department might not apply to other services including clothing, restaurant and garden. The sales jump might because of lack of pharmacy in the region, or lower prices of the store, or better services and doctors provided by the store. However, there might be many clothing, restaurant and garden services nearby, dragging the new sections in fierce competition and not guarantee high paybacks of the new departments.
3.        错误假设: more departments may not guarantee higher profits and competitive advantages. The author ignore the starting-up expenses of the new sections and complexity and higher management expenses generated by more services.
4. ignore the inconvenience added by more services, which drive away customers who want exactly specific services but not a range of complicated service in one store, which might be time and money consuming.

liyao604

Day eleven
1.
Compared to nonprofit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are nonprofit hospitals.
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above?
26’
P：和size一样的非营利性医院比较，投资者所有的医院更省税（不要接受免税的公众投资），雇佣的员工更少，盈利更多（容量或者是患者的数量）
C：投资者所有的医院在传递药物/治疗病人上更好



2. A society’s infant mortality rate is an accepted indicator of that society’s general health status. Even though in some localities in the United States
the rate is higher than in many developing countries. In the United States , overall the rate has been steadily declining. This declines does not necessarily indicate, however, that babies in the United  States are now, on the average, healthier at birth than they were in the past. Which one of the following reasons, if true, most strongly supports the claim made above about the implications of the decline?
--FEIFEI125

34’
P：婴儿的死亡率可以当作是检验一个国家健康状况的indicator，虽然在美国比其他发展中国家的死亡率要高
P：虽然在美国整体是下降的，但是不能说现在美国的婴儿出生时比以前的要健康
Strengthen：


3.
Investigators concluded that human failure was not responsible for the fatal airplane crash last August, and since that time new and more stringent rules for identifying and reporting mechanical problems have been in effect. That accounts for the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August.
Which one of the following is an assumption underlying the argument in the passage?


--FEIFEI61

43’
P：去年8月的飞机坠毁事故不是由于人的失误，因为很严格的rule颁布了（错误，应该是自从那次以后新的和严格的用于识别和报道机器问题的rule生效）
C：（错误，这个生效导致了）（去年）8月以来报道由于人失误而造成的飞机坠毁事故（错误，飞机机器问题的频率）增加了50%

4.
A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.
Which one of the following most helps account for apparent contradiction above?


--FEIFEI105

26’
在访问A大学的男校友时，他们（中的一半）都说自己是当年毕业生中的前1/4

5.
No.45 The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the Megamart grocery store:
“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customer’s main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.”


--AA
46’

kaniris

谢谢，学习了！

kaniris

谢谢，学习了！

进击的智人阿飞

1. 23s
premise: 私人医院比公共医院对于pulic的资金投入更少，员工更少，空位更多
conclusion: 私人医院比公共医院更好               weaken： what constitutes a better hospital is not three factors mentioned above
2.  33s
premise: 婴儿死亡率与社会福利好坏有关+美国这个比例比其他国家高+美国这个指数降低了  conclusion： 不能说明美国社会福利增高了。

strengthen: 因果类。其他原因。 该指数降低是因为父母怀孕期间更注意？？ 父母更健康强壮？？  有果无因： 不在美国生孩子？？？
3.  43s
premise: 新规实行，所以 机器故障报告更多了+检查很严格         conclusion:上周的飞机事实不是人的过失
assumption： 检查到了所有的机器故障

4. 20s
premise: 超过1/2的人说他们名列前茅     conclusion:他们没有说谎
paradox： 一个特殊的中间因素的解释。 即都是并列？？

5. AA  39s
premise: 加了草药department， 销售量变高了+顾客看重买东西的方便性   conclusion: 应该加上衣服，食品等更多的department，销量肯定还会增加
1）pharmacy与蔬菜的保存条件类似，所以可以加；但是其他食品，衣服……不适合与蔬菜处于同一环境保存
2）加太多department的cost 大于增加获得的利润