【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑1-4】

抓抓sandra

to 裤裤，已在Q上回复完毕~hoho~

今天整个状态凌乱。。调整一下明天再战~~

fox0923

50" (livestock啥意思竟然不知道，悲~~）
Premise: The scarcity of food is not consumed only by people, since the agricultural resource is mostly consumed by livestock, and more inexpensive grains can only convert into less expensive meat. (我猜想这里是说out of balance）
Conclusion： Thus， the food scarcity is not caused by population growth.

Assumption: The agricultural resource that fed on livestock cannot balance with the meat these livestock produced for people. (犹豫中。。。。）


47"
Premise: The pollen can be collected from modern vegetation, also, the pre-historical samples can be submitted to determine the climatic change.(不记得了）
Conclusion:The study of the climatic change of prehistorical period can be done by experimenting the pollen.

Inference：The climatic change can be determined through the relationship between these two different types of samples which collected from modern vegetation and pre-historical period. (哇哇，为甚莫昨天的逻辑这么难懂？）


49”
Premise: The countries with 4000-5000 economic per capita output produce more pollutants than do the poorer and richer countries.
Conclusion: Country X will decrease its pollutants since it reaches to 5000 economic per capita now.

Assumption: The economic output of Country X will increase more than 5000 per capita in the next few years.


50" （被打败，最初把S看成R了，我说怎么转不过来呢）
Premise: Country R punishes country S's repression through the ban of exportation. However, the telecom company in country R claimed that it should be exempted from this ban.
Conclusion: Thus，country S cannot be repressive since the telecom communication is spread widely in its country.

Assumption:  Country S needs telecom products from country R for communication for people.



45"
Premise: The country has twice of censorship for publication of books with the content of criticizing its government, there was 1/2 approved for the first time and 3/4 approved for the second time. AND the numbers of approved books are same for each time.

Conclusion: Compare to the total number of publication of books for the first time, the number of all published books is fewer for the second time.

抓抓sandra

补作业来了~

1.45s
premise：资源稀缺和人类繁衍同步。
sub-conclusion：但是很多植物是喂给家畜的，所以人类在资源紧缺中没有起到很大的作用。
又一个premise：a steer那句是不是说一个什么密度还变高了，steer不是船舵的意思么？？没看明白…
conclusion：……><
问题：ASSUMPTION——应该是说家畜的消耗不会因为人口而变高。

2.44s
可以通过远古时期的化石中的花粉来判断远古时期不同地区的气候。
可以通过比较远古时期的花粉和现在的孢子来判断……？
结论：可以通过远古时期的化石中的花粉来判断化石的时期。
问题：must be true——可能是premise的改写，也可能说远古时期的含花粉的化石可以用来判断当时的气候

3.44s
人均收入在4000-5000美元的国家垃圾倾倒问题比较严重
更富有的国家垃圾倾倒问题比较不严重
这种对比的原因在于国家的发展初期垃圾问题不好解决，发达了之后就有足够的钱和资源来解决这个问题了。
结论：因为X国家现在的人均收入是5000美元，所以X将来的垃圾倾倒问题会改善。
问题：ASSUMPTION——X的人均收入会保持继续上升，而不会下降

4.43s
为了让S国对R国的施压减少(less repressive)，R国决定禁止R对S的出口
因为电信制造业在施压减少的前提下不可能存在出口
结论：某些电信制造业公司说他们的产业应该豁免这种出口禁令
问题：ASSUMPTION——出口禁令能够使R对S施压减少

5.45s
1972有一个审查制度禁止发表批判政府的出版物
1972之后合法出版物又得通过一个新的审查制度
1972之前能发表占所有手稿的50%
1972之后的占手稿的25%
72之前和之后的发表数量是一样的
结论：（无，fact set）
问题：must be true——72之后的手稿总数增加了

===============================================================


初步回顾一下，发现大家对#1的A steer那句话都表示FT啊。。
我查了一下朗文，bala的理解是对的啊~~steer主要意思是转舵，延伸出了转变的意思。。


#2的信息量好大，每句话的变量感觉好多。。大家怎么处理这种变量特别多的stimulus的啊？？
#3相对没什么问题。。
#4好吧。。这题的conclusion就是bible上说的典型的【shell game trap】。。I fell。。。><看反了。。
#5再次陷入detail的trap，最后一个1/4代表的量的含义理解反了。【以后要注意not。】


迟些再来仔细分析。

ccmoom

1、32s
  Background：Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth.
  Premise：This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat.
  Conclusion：the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
Assumption：

2、我放弃了，这一段就讲了一件事啊…… 理不清前提和结论

3、38s
  Premise：Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4,000 to $5,000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries. This is so because pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems.
 结论：problems caused by such leaching in Country X, where the annual per capita economic output is now $5,000, should begin to diminish in the next few years.
 Assumption：可能是说现在不治理以后会严重很多吧

4、36s
  Background：In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban。
  Premise：when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country
  Conclusion：it is impossible for a country to remain repressive
Assumption：要全部都得到，而不是只集中于统治阶级。（这题做过）

5、33s
Background：In 1712 the government of Country Y appointed a censor to prohibit the publication of any book critical of Country Y’s government; all new books legally published in the country after 1712 were approved by a censor.
Premise：Under the first censor, one half of the book manuscripts submitted to the censor were not approved for publication. Under the next censor, only one quarter of the book manuscripts submitted were not approved
矛盾点：but the number of book manuscripts that were approved was the same under both censors.
Conclude：第二个阶段申请的人变少了。

isariverson

我认为第一个是想强调食物不够是因为21个crop才相当于一个肉，所以livestock不划算，导致吃的不够。
前提就是那些给牲畜种粮食的地方能种给人吃的。

抓抓sandra

在feifei里头找到了#1的题目和解说，大家有疑惑的可以看看哈~

58. Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus, the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.

Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn?

A.    eople prefer eating meat to eating grain.
B.    Meat is twenty-one times more expensive than grain.
C.    The limits of the earth’s agricultural resources are not finite.
D.    More than one-half of the agricultural acreage in the United States is devoted to drops fed to humans.
E.    Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.

E is the best answer. 喂养牲畜消耗的粮食为人们创造更多的食物。（题目内容是：有观点认为食物缺乏是因为土地资源有限而人口数量却不断增多。但作者认为该观点忽视了农产品中有相当大一部分是用来喂家畜的。在美国几乎有一半土地的粮食是为了养家畜。1磅肉要用去21磅廉价的谷物。因此，食物缺乏不仅是因为土地资源有限而人口数量却不断增多。）根据题目要求，我们只须反驳养家畜对粮食紧缺造成的影响。选项A中即使人们爱吃肉只会引起更多的粮食消耗，不能反驳作者; B并不能充分改变人们的取向；C强词夺理；D重复事实。

daisyの小夢想

重新研究了58题，发现和想象中的出入很大，这道题有很深的潜台词，很难看出来。
分析如下：
有些人的观点是食物短缺仅仅是因为地球资源的有限性和人口的无限增长。
反驳：
很多农业资源都用来种饲料而不是给人类提供粮食了。
在美国有一半的农场(acreage)都用来种要来饲养家禽的谷物了，1磅肉要用去21磅廉价的谷物（潜台词是养家禽很耗谷物，食物产量不高，还不如直接种谷物给人类吃）
加入assumption：Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.
这些地用来种给人类吃的crops会给人类提供更多食物。那就是说食物短缺还是因为土地利用方式的问题，如果那些地用来种crops粮食就可能不短缺了。
所以，食物短缺不仅仅是因为土地的有限性和人口增长。
也可以将assumption取非：
如果这些地用来生产直接给人类吃的corps却不能给人类提供更多食物，那么无论这些地是否用来种植给家禽吃的饲料都不会对scarcity产生影响，就不会得出“食物短缺不仅仅是因为土地的有限性和人口增长”这个结论了。

zhengzhengzz

1.
BG: scarcity of food is a function of the limits of the resources when coupled with the rate of population.
Premise: much of the agricultural resources are used to feed livestock
Conclusion: the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.

Assumption: 我们只须反驳养家畜对粮食紧缺造成的影响
2.
BG: method of determining the regional climatic conditions is to examine plant pollen trapped during ancient time.
Premise: comparing such pollen samples with spores taken from modern vegetation, scientists can figure out approximately what the weather was like at the time of pollen deposition.
Conclusion: submit the prehistoric sample to radiocarbon dating techniques; we can determine when certain climatic conditions were prevalent in that portion of the globe.
Inferred: 这个不知道啊不知道。。。不知道啊不知道。。。

zhengzhengzz

3.
偷偷的看鸟解析。。。。so。。。。
4.
BG:为了让s国对R国管制松一点，R国给s国施加压力，R想禁止所有R对S的出口
Premise：在R的公司生产的telecommunications 要求他们的产品应该免除禁止
Conclusion：在telecommunications被widely接受的时候，禁止telecommunication 是不可能的
Assumption：不晓得。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

5.
BG:1712年 Y 国指定了一个检查员 禁止有批评Y国政府的出版物出版。在一个检查员的认可下，所有的新书在1912年之后被出版了，
Premise:第一个检查员：二分之一的书没有被认可出版。另外一个检查员：只有四分之一的书没有被认可出版。
Conclusion: 但是他们被认可出版的数量是一样的。
Concluded：在另一个检查员的时候，书的总量比之前的那个少了~~

纳丁Cat

8-9
1. #1 LSAT TEST1 SECTION I Q10 45s没读懂
Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus, the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn?
is a function of 后者导致了前者
有人说，有限的地球资源和人口增长导致了食物短缺。但这个观点忽略了很多农产品不是喂人，而是喂了牲畜。（例如，在美国，一般的农地在喂牲畜。使21磅不贵的谷物变成1磅贵的肉）。结论：不仅仅是有限的地球资源和人口增长导致了食物短缺。
意思，就是有其他原因，使食物短缺。
假设：很多人浪费粮食啊，但这个题干有点远。
标答是Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.就是重复下上面的观点（想起一个帖子叫：逻辑就是简单重复）。说谷物来喂牲口能给更多的人带来食物。指出是因为这个原因而导致了食物短缺。

2. #2 LSAT TEST1 SECTION I Q15  40s
One of the more reliable methods of determining regional climatic conditions in prehistoric periods is to examine plant pollen trapped in glacial ice during ancient times. By comparing such pollen samples with spores taken from modern vegetation, scientists can figure out approximately what the weather was like at the time of pollen deposition. Furthermore, by submitting the prehistoric samples to radiocarbon dating techniques, we can also determine when certain climatic conditions were prevalent in that portion of the globe.
Which one of the following may be inferred from the information in the passage?
deposition.沉积物
通过分析冰川中残留的花粉可以知道史前的局部天气情况。这是通过比较以前和现在的花粉标本。另外，通过放射碳实验，还能知道曾经在某地的天气情况。
推论：通过花粉加放射碳实验，能更准确知道某地某时的天气情况。

3. #3 FEIFEI LOGIC Q7 40s
Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4,000 to $5,000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries. This is so because pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems. Therefore, problems caused by such leaching in Country X, where the annual per capita economic output is now $5,000, should begin to diminish in the next few years.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
人均生产量4000到5000的国家污染比更穷或更富的国家更严重。因为工业发展的先污染，发展好了就治理。结论：X国家，人均生产量是5000，它要的污染要开始减少了。
假设：前面的那个描述适用于所有国家，X不是例外。

4. #4 FEIFEI LOGIC Q10 40s
10. In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban, on the ground that it is impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument given by the manufacturers depends? repressive镇压的
为了使朝鲜变得少镇压些。韩国的立法家说我们不要出口到朝鲜。韩国的电讯公司说，电话和传真机应该是例外，因为电讯用的多，一个国家就不会变的很镇压了。
假设：出口到朝鲜的电讯，朝鲜领导人不会阻止人们widely available。

5. #5 FEIFEI LOGIC Q13 45s
13. In 1712 the government of Country Y appointed a censor to prohibit the publication of any book critical of Country Y’s government; all new books legally published in the country after 1712 were approved by a censor. Under the first censor, one half of the book manuscripts submitted to the censor were not approved for publication. Under the next censor, only one quarter of the book manuscripts submitted were not approved, but the number of book manuscripts that were approved was the same under both censors.
If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following can be properly concluded from them?
1712年出版书开始有审查。第一次审查，一半的没有通过。第二次审查，1/4没有通过。但是两次通过的数量是一样的。
推论题：第二次接受审查的书的总量少于第一次。