PREP RC #3 q1，请教大家！！！帮帮忙！！！要考试了！！

yvonnemo

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent.In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs.But he fails to note the decision's more far-reaching impact:shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy.Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when--following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs--Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes.But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.



Question #8.075-03(21581-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-03)



According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the following effects?



(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as legislation that had to be passed by both houses of Congress.

(B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between the federal government and Native American tribes decreased.

(C) The procedures for congressional approval and implementation of federal Indian policy were made more precise.

(D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise unilateral authority over Native American affairs.

(E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with sovereign nations was eventually undermined.

请教大家为什么这道题的答案是A，从文中怎么推出来的？

qiqi2010

But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. 这句的后半句。。。

纳丁Cat

楼主你哪里下的Word版呢，能不能给个连接呢？

yvonnemo

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/thread-519351-1-1.html

glhelr

考点：
     支持主题（Supporting ideas）
   
     旨在考察我们对文章细节的认知。
 
这道题的定位相对简单，主要是有关键词“1871”。应该定位在“1871”以后至“The Lone Wolf decision”之前。这个题目如果对于“Federal Government”和“Congress”之间的关系十分不了解的话，定位部分还是比较难以看明白的，在下面的补充提示之中做了尽可能简洁的介绍，筒子们某些美国的常识还是要了解一些的。
这里啰嗦一些吧，意义一下定位的那句话，就是说，在1871年，国会是已经不在和土著签订什么协议了，但是联邦政府并没有完全的放弃与土著的协商，这是因为国会是立法机关，那么联邦政府就把所谓的协议当做法令来让国会通过，这是并不需要参议院的批准。这样，参议院和众议院也没必要争谁在印第安事物上有主要权力，必须想法令一样通过他们两个共同的通过。
     
 选项分析：
A.    Correct。与美国土著人的协议被当做一些必须被两个议院都通过的法令。这个选项几乎是原句“treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.  ”的重复。这也就解释了为什么国会不在与土著签订条约，但是与土著的协议还是继续不断地有的原因。
B.    联邦政府与美国土著签订的协议减少了。这个正好与答案背道而驰。联邦政府与土著协议的签订在1871年并未受到很大的影响。
C.    国会的批准过程和联邦印第安政策的贯彻过程变得更加清晰了。这个选项的关键词出现在这句话中“shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy.  ”首先这个出现在1903年以后，而非1871年。其次，仔细看这句话说的是不把联邦印第安政策的贯彻视为先决条件了，和其是否变得更加精确无关。
D.    国会实行在土著这一事件上实现单边权力变得更加困难了。这个其实考点中也提到了，其实这个选项是贴边的，不过在1871年，国会是没有对土著事件的权力的，因为这个事件已经被当做了法令。
E.    国会在与主权国家签订条约的批准权力方面最终是被削弱了。在1871年以后的时候其实国会是没有批准权了的，所以就谈不上削弱了。


 点评：
       这道题glhelr自己认为选出答案比较容易，但是如果A选项不那么明显的话，剩下的四个选项还是比较有迷惑性的，尤其是对于这类包括女权主义在内的问章由于我们中国人了解比较少，往往成为比较难懂的文章，所以大家多注意注意这类题目吧~

glhelr

还有这个，你了解一下哈~“国会（Congress）包括两院（chamber）--参议院和众议院，是立法机构；总统什么的呢是行政机构；法院什么的呢是司法机构。而联邦政府是指包括这三个机构在内的美国政府。”

InfiniteAlex

版主真厉害！！！