文章读了好几分钟才开始明白第一段的逻辑..第一段特别绕..7 8 13错选
文章类型:
【现象解释型】文章逻辑:
提出现象(refusal...)做出初步解释(...focused on)。指出:(1)什么是 Extradition;(2)“Under the political offense exception”具体是什么情况(it considers the crime to be a “political offense”)
给出Extradition的exception的起源(欧洲国家的两大变化,先开始refuse引渡政治犯的要求,然后更是开始声明除非有签署协议否则没有任何义务进行引渡)。最后一句话总结说西方国家逐渐都认同了这一种political extradition exception的现象。
出现硕大的一个however,笔锋一转开始描述:然而对于这个现象的认同还没有达到国际的共识,关键在于没有一个公认的标准去衡量到底什么是extraditable什么是non extraditable。(1)从传统的(考点:历史的传统的旧的一般是要被摒弃的观点)理论角度分析(for analytical purposes)能够区分illegal political conduct的两种类型:“Pure” political offenses(non-extraditable)和common crimes(extraditable)。(2)又来一个大大的however,果然摒弃了这个传统的分类:因为存在着同时符合两种分类的夹在中间的relative political offenses,这种类型的按理说也应该是non extraditable的,但是各国之间对于这个类型的处理方法没有共识。(旧方法的缺陷。到这里问题已经展现地淋漓尽致了,文章末尾应该要出现解决问题的方法了。)
于是作者提出了他认为的区分应该不应该引渡的标准。must...; only objective is to...(这部分内容和文章开头呼应,一开始没读出来)最后一句needs to... and yet...是一对强对比,说明作者提倡的方法是有一个balance在里面的,不是绝对单纯的某一种手段。
题目:
(注:【题型】;题干中的keywords(KW);【定位】)
6. In the passage, the author
primarily seeks to【主旨题】(A) define a set of terms
不是简单set of terms,而且最后一段明显指出了problem和解决的办法(做完重新看第一段才发现首句TS已经暗含了一对矛盾,可惜刚读的时候没有理解其中的逻辑关系)
(B) outline a new approach(只是最后一段的部分意思,不是全文主旨)
(C) describe a current problem(D) expose an illegal practice(第三段,介绍了illegal practice的理论传统分类和实际操作问题)
(E) present historical information(第二段,介绍这种exception的历史起源的时候提到)
7. According to the passage,
when did countries
begin to except political offenders from extradition?
【细节题】【定位】:由when...begine to except直接定位到原文第二部分(正是介绍exception的起源)。“Protection of political offenses(except的同义改写) is a recent addition to the ancient practice of extradition. ... two fundamental changes that occurred asEuropean monarchies ... . these governments(答案中改写成了指代对象European monarchies)began to reject(红果果的同义替换啊!) what had been a primary intent of extradition”
(A) when the principle of extraditing accused or convicted persons originated(不是在“引渡的原则起源的时候”,而是在“引渡的原则开始被refuse的时候”。)
(B) when some nations began refusing to extradite persons accused or convicted of terrorist acts(意思看似正确,但是范围比正确答案小。refuse to extradite的对象不仅仅是convicted of TERRORIST ACTS,而是political offenders。读完全文的时候就应该从结构的记忆里头得出political offender的定义和分类很复杂,不是terrorist acts这么简单。这个选项很有迷惑性~)
(C) when representative governments began to replace European monarchies(我觉得细节题根据原文逻辑直接定位找同义改写是最快的办法,用排除法可能容易错。下回做的时候验证一下。)(D) when countries began to refuse to extradite persons accused or convicted of common crimes(首先,political offenders不等于persons accused or convicted of common crimes,因为范围被缩小了;其次就算没看出范围的区别,读完后也应该记得common crimes是唯一没有争议、应该被extradite的那种类型。必然错。 )
(E) when governments began to use extradition to expedite the return of political offenders
(相反。不是开始extradition,而应该是开始拒绝extradition。我错选的选项。当时没有读懂第二段和全文结构的关系,现在很明了了。)8. Given the discussion in the passage,
which one of the following distinctions
does the author consider particularly problematic?
【信息题】【定位】problematic,回归到第四段找答案。
(A) between common crimes and “relative” political offense(B) between “pure” political offenses and common crimes
(我错选的选项。错误,这是第四段中没有争议的两种传统分类,而争议problem在于不pure的“relative”的和common的区别。)(C) between “pure” political offenses and “relative” political offenses(“pure”是没有争议的分类)
(D) between terrorist acts and acts of espionage(这两个同属于relative的,不是争议的内容。小范围。)
(E) between the political offense exception and other exceptions to extradition(全文都在political的范畴内讨论,没有涉及other exceptions)
9. According to the author, the
primary purpose of the political offense exception should be to
【细节题】【定位】涉及文章核心概念的purpose问题,除了第一段和最后一段以外其他段落都是具体展开的解释,只有首尾两段有提到核心概念extradition exception的purpose层面上的内容。最后一段“to protect people against unfair treatment by the requesting country",B选项的同义改写。(A) ensure that terrorists are tried for their acts相反
(B) ensure that individuals accused of political crimes are not treated unfairly(C) distinguish between political and nonpolitical offenses(这个不是purpose,而是手段)
(D) limit extradition to those accused of “pure” political offenses(片面,根据第四段可以知道:除了pure的还有部分relative的。)
(E) limit extradition to those accused of “relative” political offenses(错误,不是所有的relative,而且还应该有pure的。)
10. It can be
inferred from the passage that the
author would agree with which one of the following statements
about the political offense exception?
【推断题】【定位】从选项特征看出这一题是要推测作者对于exception的评价,只有最后一段有涉及具体的评价。最后一段直接看到reexamine,直接奔向答案D.(A) The exception is very unpopular.(没有讨论是否popular,只是说各国没有达成共识。就算要说有暗示,也应该是暗示popular。正是因为过于popular,所以才有了terrorist趁机的问题。)
(B) The exception is probably illegal.(一刀切,错)
(C) The exception is used too little.(相反。同A。)
(D) The exception needs rethinking.(E) The exception is too limited.(相反。同A。)
11. When referring to
a balance between “the competing needs of political freedom and international public order” (lines 54-55) the author means that nations must
strike a balance between【细节题】【定位】balance——定位到最后一段的首句,最后一句话needs to... that protect ... and yet...表达的强对比对这个balance进行了进一步解释。
(A) allowing persons to protest political injustice and preventing them from committing political offenses
(B) protecting the rights of persons requested for extradition and holding terrorists criminally liable(C) maintaining the political offense exception to extradition and clearing up the confusion over what is a political offense
(D) allowing nations to establish their own extradition policies and establishing an agreed-upon international approach to extradition
(E) protecting from extradition persons accused of “pure” political offenses and ensuring the trial of persons accused of “relative” political offenses
12. The author would most likely
agree that the political offense exception
【态度题】(A) has, in some cases, been
stretched beyond intended use(不是beyond intent,而是intent本身超出了应有的范围;)
(B) has been
used too infrequently to be evaluated(相反。)
(C) has been a
modestly useful weapon
again terrorism(相反,不是认为modestly,而是认为过度)
(D) has
never met the objective for which it was
originally established(相反。)
(E) has been of more academic than practical value to political dissidents(定位到第三段介绍分类的。)13. Which one of the following, if true, would
give the author most cause to reconsider her recommendation regarding the political offence exception (lines 62-66)?
【信息题】【定位】要reconsider her recommendation说明要提出和recommendation的ground相反相矛盾的信息。作者提出的建议的依据在于exception的现象过于普遍以至于使得恐怖主义有钻空子的机会,那么答案就应该找exception不足使得政治犯被unfairly treated。
(A) More nations started refusing to extradite persons accused or convicted of terrorist acts.
(B) More nations started extraditing persons accused or convicted of treason, espionage, and other similar crimes.
(C) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offense exception protect persons accused of each of the various types of “pure” political offenses.(这个。。这题做错是当时完全没找到C和D的差别在哪里。。汗死了。。)(D) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offense exception to protect persons accused of each of the various types of “relative” political offenses.(E) The nations of the world started to disagree over the analytical distinction between “pure” political offenses and “relative” political offenses.
-- by 会员 抓抓sandra (2011/7/28 17:40:40)