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Unless The word unless can also create an if-then relationship. But it can be the most confusing and counterintuitive “logic” word. Consider this example:Your CR score will not be high unless you study formal logic. There are two ways to translate this statement into if-then clauses:1) If your CR score is high, then you have studied formal logic.2) If you did not study formal logic, then your CR score will not be high. The second method is the foolproof way, which replaces unless with if not. The preferred way is the first method, which negate the clause before unless and cap it with if, and replace unless with then. Basically the clause after unless is the necessary condition which must happen for the negated form of the other clause. Back to the example we have here, “study formal logic” is a necessary step for one to get high score in CR. Without “studying formal logic”, one would not be able to score a high mark in CR. But “studying formal logic” alone might not be sufficient to help you score high in CR. When the unless-clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, everything between the word unless and the comma is the unless-clause.Either The word either can also create an if-then relationship. Consider this example:Either Peking University or Tshinghua University is on the list of my dream schools. Given this rule, if PKU is not on my list, then THU is on my list because one of them must be. Further, the rule does not exclude the possibility that both schools are on my list. Therefore, the correct way to say the same thing using if-then clauses is:If PKU is NOT on my list, then THU is.Notice the word NOT is added to the if-clause, not the then-clause. Otherwise, we would make the mistaken assumption that both schools cannot be on the list together, which is not necessarily true—at least on the GMAT or LSAT.Hidden if-then statements Many if-then statements on the test are hidden because they do not use if or then. Instead, they use words like all, any, when, must and so on. Consider this example:All Chinese students are diligent.Translation: If you are a Chinese student, then you are diligent. (I truly hope so!!) The trick here is that all means if. There are also words that mean then. Here is another example:Reading SDCAR’s posts on CR requires good understanding of English.Translation: If you can read SDCAR’s posts on CR, then you have good understanding of English. (Pat yourself on the back, please!!) Here are more words you can use to find hidden if-then statements: If: All, always, any, each, every, in order to, invariably, no, none, things that, those who, to, when. Then: Depends on, essential, must, necessary, needs, only, only if, only when, prerequisite, requires. Unless (if not): Except, until, without.NoWhen you see no at the beginning of a sentence, change no to if and negate the other clause, which is your then clause. Example:No one who has a cold should go outside. (No X is Y.)Translation: If you have a cold, then you should NOT go outside. (If X, then NOT Y.)Most, some, and not allMost means more than half. Most could be all.Some means at least one. Some = Many. Some could be most, could be all.Not all means some did not. Not all could be none.
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】(十三)Formal Logic (1)
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】(十五)More on Negation
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/7/20 11:51:18)
Dear SDCAR,
As the "NO" part, I have one question: For example: No one who is good at basketball can play tennis well. I knew it equals to "One who is good at basketball cannot play tennis well." My question is : does the example also equals to "One who is not good at basketball can play tennis well" if yes, it's not the 逆否命题. or Lawyer's suggestion is wrong? thx
My question is from Lawyer's one tip: No mathematical proposition can be proventrue by observation. It follows that it is impossible to know any mathematicalproposition to be true. The conclusion follows logically if whichone of the following is assumed? (A) Only propositions that can be proventrue can be known to be true (B) Observation alone cannot be used to provethe truth of any proposition. (C) If a proposition can be proven true byobservation then it can be known to be true. (D) Knowing a proposition to be true isimpossible only if it cannot be proved true by observation (E) Knowing a proposition to be truerequires proving it true by observation 该题:推理:因为mathematical proposition NO PROVE BY OBSERVATION,所以mathematical propositionIMPOSSIBLE KNOW TO BE TRUE(概念跳跃为PROVE By observation,KNOW)。推理方向从NO PROVEBY OBSERVATION到 IMPOSSIBLEKNOW。(注意:这里没有充分必要关系,即不能将原文写成NO PROVE BY OBSERVQATION---〉IMPOSSIBLE KNOW。) A:意思为proposition KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->ROPOSITION CAN BE PROVE。该选项很容易混。因为推理方向对:逆否命题从NO PROVE 到IMPOSSIBLE KNOW。且概念也很象,包含和被包含的概念(proposition包含mathematical proposition),概念比原文大在这类题中是允许的。但它错在没有说明PROVE的方式,原文有说明PROVE的方式为BY OBSERVATION。这也是和E选项的唯一区别。所以A选项加BYOBSERVATION便为答案。 B:没有KNOW的概念。错 C:CAN BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION---〉 KNOWN TO BE TRUE。逆否命题为IMPOSSIBLE KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CANNOT BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION。和原文推理相反。错 D:IMPOSSIBLE KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CANNOT BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION.和原文推理相反。错。 E:KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CAN BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION(注意REQUIRE带必要条件)。逆否命题为:CANNOT BE PROVE BYOBSERVATION---〉IMPOSSIBLEKNOWN TO BE TRUE。和原文推理方向一致。正确答案。 注明:该题较特殊。除了两个推理相反的选项。还有一个概念相似的混淆项。 |
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