SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken

liukatrina

SDcar, could you explain D for me?
The original argument try to establish that” A caused B” , in which A=disease X, B= larger nuclei
If an evidence substantiates that “ without A, B happened” , can not it break the causal logical relationship between A and B, and thus weaken the argument?
Thanks!

24. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.

Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.    No female cats have been known to contract disease X, which is a subtype of disease Y.
B.    Many male cats that contract disease X also contract disease Z, the cause of which is unknown.
C.    the interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact disease X are larger than those of female cats who do not contract disease X.
D.    Of 1,000 autopsies on male cats that did not contract disease X, 5 revealed interstitial nuclei larger than those of the average male cat.
E.    The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.

sdcar2010

LS, see the following explanation, which is correct:

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-537390-1-1.html

A --> B

weaken: A itself does not cause B; or when no B, there is still A.

If you say there no A, but there is still B, that is not weakening. Because something other than A can still cause B.

athenawujj

Dear SDCARi use the series to analyse OG
Could you help me see whether i analyse the structure well?
5.       A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. （Background Information)Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. （premises)The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrive—from as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m.（Main Conclusion)
10.     Cable-television spokesperson:Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to"free" television. Remember that "free" television is not really free.Main Conclusion) It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports "free" television.（Premises)
15.     A conservation group in the UnitedStates is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures.（Background Information) The group contends that bats are fearedand persecuted solely （Main conclusion)because they are shy animals that are active only at night.（Premises)
30.     Robot satellites relay importantcommunications and identify weather patterns.（Background Information) Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, （Premises)astronauts are needed to repair them（Intermediate Conclusion). Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction（Premises). Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.（Main Conclusion)
35.     Last year the rate of inflation was1.2 percent, but for the current year it has been 4 percent.（Premises) We can conclude that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.（Main Conclusion)
No,35 is it a question about analogy? Questionable?
60.     Red blood cells in which themalarial-fever parasiteresides are eliminated from a person's body after 120 days(Intermediate Conclusion). Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells（Premises), any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that personhas moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.（Main Conclusion)
Thank you so much!!

kylelewis

Hi there sdcar2010,

One question here:

how could  “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.” be a possible answer to weaken “Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department because he has worked in banks in Wall Street.” ? I think what included in this answer is irrelevant to what is stated in the stimulus.  

What is the logic?

sdcar2010

Weakening question is not Must be true type.  Therefore, outside information are allowed to be the correct answer.

If one fights with his or her colleague, he is not a team player.  In U.S. corporations, teamwork is a requirement for leadership.

athenawujj

86.    (24835-!-item-!-188;#058&001244)

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65.  Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.  Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part(Paradox) because __________.
A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high(Still there are some people are better-off)
E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
为什么选E不选C？物价的上涨不是也会影响生活水平吗？？

When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition.  Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.(矛盾点）
Cafe店的new open应该会对wildflower造成冲击，但反而有提升）
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?（Paradox)
A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe.（Weaken)
A选项是不是相比b项没有太大说服力？


In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. （Opinion?) However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. (Premise)Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.(Conclusion)
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?（削弱题）
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.

In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. （Opinion?or Background INFO?

Dear SDCAR, i don't understand the above question, and i made an analysis, is there any fault?

sdcar2010

1) C) uses words such as "tend to", "fast", which are red herrings.  But the key the background info in the passage: Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible.  There is NO inflation, period! C) is out of scope.

2) For paradox questions, the correct answer should be able to fit with both seemily controdictory phenomena disclosed in the passage. A) provides no explanation for Wildflower's success of increasing night meals.  Thus A) is not a correct answer.

3) Background.  Opinion is a statement or judgement offered by a person, not a presentation of a fact or phenomenon.

athenawujj

Dear SDCAR,thanks for reply.
Questions again.Please help me.
i made some analysis,could you help me to see whether i analysed well?
Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.（前提）
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?削弱题
A. Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.有点support的味道？？
B. A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.说出Conventional landscape的缺点
C. A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.对象范围超出
D. It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.（这个不知道怎么解释好）
E. Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.
D项不知道怎么分析好～～
112.    (32826-!-item-!-188;#058&006832)    (GWD 8-Q38)


Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild.  The countries in which the tigers' habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting.  Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation（Premise), the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.（Conclusion)
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument（削弱题）
A. assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced（Legislation已出现？）
B. considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species
C. fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers
D. neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
E. takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers' survival as a guarantee of their survival
A项是因为ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ出现了吗？？黑体是我的分析点？？对吗？？
Thank　you!

athenawujj

103.    (31044-!-item-!-188;#058&005684)    (GWD 6-Q28)求解释！！
Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?
According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown.  A brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield.  If both of these sources are accurate, however, the “Report on Tourism” for the region must be in error in stating that __________.（Flaw)
A. the average length of stay is longer at the largest hotel in Harristown than it is at the Royal Arms Hotel（逗留时间长度无关）
B. there is only one hotel in Harristown that is larger than the Royal Arms Hotel
C. more tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel（原文重述）
D. the Royal Arms Hotel is the largest hotel in Springfield
E. the Royal Arms Hotel is the only hotel in Springfield
The key is E,but I don't know how to analyze B.D. Is there any fault in my analysis?
121.    (32730-!-item-!-188;#058&006786)    (GWD 23-Q40)
Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer.（Back Info)  Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public,(前提） information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?（Necessary Assumption)
A. Information services are accessible to enough people to ensure that political advocacy groups can use these services to reach as large a percentage of the public as they could through traditional news sources.（结论的关键是a more balanced picture of the complexities…)
B. People could get a thorough understanding of a particular political issue by sorting through information provided by several traditional news sources, each with differing editorial biases.
C. Information on political issues disseminated through information services does not come almost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias.
D. Traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groups accurately.
E. Most people who get information on political issues from newspapers and other traditional news sources can readily identify the editorial biases of those sources.（逆否支持了）
D项如何解释？？难道是accurately??
Dear SDCAR, please forgive me for asking you so many questions.

alisayangyang

能读到大牛的这个逻辑入门系列真是拯救了我这个逻辑超差的小女子啊！每晚都来逐一拜读，认真体会其中的精髓。再次拜谢sdcar!