一道prep，也是gwd,大牛帮吗呀。。。

wakesleep2011

Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery.  Thus it appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the
argument?
A. Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
B. Possible benefits of coronary bypass surgery include both relief from troubling symptoms and prolongation of life.
C. Most of the patients in the survey decided to undergo coronary bypass surgery because they were advised that the surgery would reduce their risk of future heart attacks.
D. The patients over 65 years old who did not benefit from the coronary bypass surgery were as fully informed as those who did benefit from the surgery as to the risks of the surgery prior to undergoing it.
E. The patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery but who did not benefit from it were medically indistinguishable, prior to their surgery, from the patients who did benefit.

答案是e，敢问d和e的区别在哪里。。。。

camelo777

这道题我之前回答过了，直接照搬过来了


第二题确实有难度，我第一次做的时候也选了D，D错就错在，虽然是fully informed ，但是医生仍然可以挑那些本来身体就不太好，不太可能手术成功的来做，起不到削弱的作用，相反，E的话，说在做手术前所有患者是medically indistinguishable，也就是说医生是区分不出来谁能治好谁不能的，所以也就削弱了原文的结论

Thruth

先看 Argument 是什么。
事实根据，65岁以上活着撑过心脏搭桥术的病人有四分之一症状没有改善。
结论，所以开出搭桥手术的医生里面有四分之一是混蛋，他们做手术是为了一己私利，罔顾病人状况。

D. 要做手术的患者都完全清楚可能风险和代价。
那又怎样呢，患者什么都懂和医生是不是混蛋有什么关系？
E. 医生术前无法分辨手术是否会对患者失效。
如果无法分辨，就不能说医生是出于私利才开手术的混蛋。

lala974

up up

zhengzhengzz

这个解释。。。赞一个~

rabbit1937

发现这道题目大家 没有注意理解only 75 percent benefited from the surgery的含义，仅仅有75%能够从中获益，直接表明 75%的人获益于手术——而剩下25%的人完全不能够获益与手术（还有风险和费用），即他们根本就不该做手术！

所以，但凡能够区分谁benefit from the surgery 谁 do not at all，就知道了谁一定不该做手术，不管有没有什么所谓的通知（否则，病人得知100%自己做了就死还会做么？）；反之，patients who cannot benefit 也做了手术的唯一可能就是，不知道自己能不能获益。

所以B选项直接out of scope (因为只是说受益者）
C选项直接反前提(因为根本不受益）
D选项——结合结论即：可以区分，但是医生建议他们做了，仅仅因为也告知他们他们必死，所以就有医德了，是大错特错的了！

fuhuayu

我想D选项的话，就算病人被完全告知了风险，一个没希望的病人还是可以要求做手术，如果医生想赚钱的话，还是可以给他做，这样医生就有道德问题了。这样就推翻不了原文的结论了
如果是E，因为医生完全不知道给谁做风险大，给谁做风险小。就不存在道德的问题了。