OG12 第22篇 120-127 详细分析及各种纠结 求教

Aviva0307

感觉读得已经很认真了，还是有很多问题、各种纠结。我把问题列出来了，求NN指导 （怕编辑出错，文章见2楼）
另：我想读文章和做题的思考方式应该很重要。我把OG12第22篇的读文章、做题的思路都详细写出来了。哪里的思路或推断是错的，请大家指点。最好都能讨论下，你们都是什么思路。（分析请见4、5楼）


1.我的问题1：我对文章中心论点的理解对吗？我的理解——



文章中心：本文是给technological determinism（TD） 和social constructivism（SC）的debate下了一个结论。TD代表的立场是technological决定social; SC代表的立场是social决定了technology——Braverman属于SC派。Clark的观点就是本文作者的观点。他认为有时是technology决定social;有时是social决定technology,要分情况（见line 46-53）。



Clark的论证过程：他主要驳斥了SC的极端（第四段lines33-34 Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments）。理论上认同SC说的social的重要作用；实践上拿telephone exchange举例，证明了technology的重要作用，驳斥了SC。因此Clark对TD和SC都不完全同意。



2.我的问题2：第二段constructivists即Braverman的观点说technology被各种social因素决定；第三段constructivists的观点是technology直接影响skills and work organization 即social——是不是有点矛盾了？constructivists的立场似乎有点模糊不清了,constructivists到底认为social和technology谁更重要，S决定Ｔ，还是Ｔ决定Ｓ？后面123题的答案，符合第三段的立场。第二段的观点怎么被推翻了？求分析。



3.我的问题3：提到constructivists歪曲了technological determinism时，有Line28-29 ：machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.这句话怎么翻译？





4.我的问题4：文中说到Clark做理论分析时，有Line36：relationships between social and technical variables这句话怎么理解？把technology理解成介于social和technical之间的一些变量？也就是technology是social和技术本身共同作用的产物？



5.我的问题5：我的问题5：maintenance routines这个词组原文并没有出现，所以我开始没敢选。它怎么翻译？答案选C，所以我猜测maintenance routines代表social(神马social organization之类的)，可是不知道答案的时候，怎么能判断出它代表social呢？BTW，maintenance在文中出现多次，应该怎么翻译呢。

Aviva0307

2楼的原文怎么编都变形，请移步3楼

Aviva0307

Line Jon Clark's study of the effect of the
modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two
(5) lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive influence on job skills
(10) and work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization. Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
(15) analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery
reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is
(20) construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.
(25) The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to
(30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
(35) Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
(40) supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work
(45) tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
(50) the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"
Questions 120-127 refer to the passage above.
120. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) advocate a more positive attitude toward
technological change
(B) discuss the implications for employees of the
modernization of a telephone exchange
(C) consider a successful challenge to the
constructivist view of technological change
(D) challenge the position of advocates of
technological determinism
(E) suggest that the social causes of technological
change should be studied in real situations
121. Which of the following statements about the
modernization of the telephone exchange is supported
by information in the passage?

(A) The new technology reduced the role of
managers in labor negotiations.
(B) The modernization was implemented without the
consent of the employees directly affected by it.
(C) The modernization had an impact that went
significantly beyond maintenance routines.
(D) Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized
by the new technology.
(E) The modernization gave credence to the view of
advocates of social constructivism.
122. Which of the following most accurately describes
Clark's opinion of Braverman's position?

(A) He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
(B) He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on
the influence of managers.
(C) He admires the consideration it gives to the
attitudes of the workers affected.
(D) He is concerned about its potential to impede
the implementation of new technologies.
(E) He is sympathetic to its concern about the
impact of modern technology on workers.
123. The information in the passage suggests that which of
the following statements from hypothetical
sociological studies of change in industry most clearly
exemplifies the social constructivists' version of
technological determinism?

(A) It is the available technology that determines
workers' skills, rather than workers' skills
influencing the application of technology.
(B) All progress in industrial technology grows out
of a continuing negotiation between
technological possibility and human need.
(C) Some organizational change is caused by
people; some is caused by computer chips.
(D) Most major technological advances in industry
have been generated through research and
development.
(E) Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but
educated workers can create whole new skills
areas by the adaptation of the technology.
124. The information in the passage suggests that Clark
believes that which of the following would be true if
social constructivism had not gained widespread
acceptance?

(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize
without considering the social consequences of
their actions.
(B) There would be greater understanding of the
role played by technology in producing social
change.
(C) Businesses would be less likely to understand
the attitudes of employees affected by
modernization.
(D) Modernization would have occurred at a slower
rate.
(E) Technology would have played a greater part in
determining the role of business in society.
125. According to the passage, constructivists employed
which of the following to promote their argument?

(A) Empirical studies of business situations involving
technological change
(B) Citation of managers supportive of their position
(C) Construction of hypothetical situations that
support their view
(D) Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of
an opposing view
(E) Descriptions of the breadth of impact of
technological change
126. The author of the passage uses the expression "are
supposed to" in line 27 primarily in order to

(A) suggest that a contention made by
constructivists regarding determinists is
inaccurate
(B) define the generally accepted position of
determinists regarding the implementation of
technology
(C) engage in speculation about the motivation of
determinists
(D) lend support to a comment critical of the
position of determinists
(E) contrast the historical position of determinists
with their position regarding the exchange
modernization
127. Which of the following statements about Clark's study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?

(A) Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman's analysis of the function
of technology.
(B) Clark's study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of conflict between labor and management.
(C) Clark examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.
(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally beneficial to
management and labor.
(E) Clark's analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied.

Aviva0307

LineJon Clark's study of the effect of the



modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two



(5)lively issues in the history and sociology of



technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.



第一段：Clark的研究对technological determinism 和 social
constructivism的争议有贡献。







Clark
makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive influence on job skills
(10) and work organization. Put more strongly,



technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization.



第二段：Clark指出technology决定social and managerial organization.



Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's



(15) analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery



reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is



(20) construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.



第二段：Clark指出technology的关键作用被Braverman的分析给掩盖（obscured）了。Braverman的观点是machinery(即technology)reflect social choice, technology是social的产物——即social 决定technology.



认为social决定technology的叫做social constructivism.



(25)The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to



(30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.



第三段：constructivists靠歪曲technological determinism而得到了接受。例如：他们认为technological determinism是 machinery强加给社会的组织形式（我的问题3：machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.这句话翻译？我不太会）。换句话说，constructivists对technology的理解是，technology是游离于society之外的，能直接影响skills and work organization.(我的问题1：第二段constructivists即Braverman的观点说technology被各种social因素决定；第三段constructivists的观点是technology直接影响skills and work organization 即social——是不是有点矛盾了？constructivists的立场似乎有点模糊不清了,constructivists到底认为social和technology谁更重要，S决定Ｔ，还是Ｔ决定Ｓ？后面123题，符合第三段的立场。)



Clark
refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
(35) Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and



(40) supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work



(45) tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from



(50) the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"



第四段：Clark从理论和实践两个角度反驳constructivists的极端.



理论上，Clark把technology定义为relationships between social and technical variables.(我的问题2：relationships between social and technical variables这句话怎么翻译？把technology理解成介于social和technical之间的一些变量？也就是technology是social和技术本身共同作用的产物？) 否认“machinery是cold, hard mental”必然是站不住脚的，没有social的组织，machinery就是废铁。——这是强调social的重要作用



实践上，Clark拿telephone exchange 举例，说这个技术的革新是怎么影响worktasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,and organization of workers(即social)的。——这是强调technology的重要作用



小结：technology的Some changes， Clark归因于social组织管理的form作用；另一些Clark归因于technology itself的作用。于是，Clark回答了这个问题：“什么时候social choice起关键作用，什么时候是technology更重要？”







Questions 120-127 refer to the passage above.

Aviva0307

120.The primary purpose of the passage is to



(A)advocate a more positive attitude toward
technological change

(B)discuss the implications for employees of the
modernization of a telephone exchange

(C)consider a successful challenge to the
constructivist view of technological change

(D)challenge the position of advocates of
technological determinism

(E)suggest that the social causes of technological
change should be studied in real situations

121.Which of the following statements about the
modernization of the telephone exchange is supported
by information in the passage?



(A)The new technology reduced the role of
managers in labor negotiations.

(B)The modernization was implemented without the
consent of the employees directly affected by it.

(C)The modernization had an impact that went
significantly beyond maintenance routines.

(D)Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized
by the new technology.

(E)The modernization gave credence to the view of
advocates of social constructivism.



我的分析：modernization of the telephone exchange只出现在了文章开头，提到它，引出了debate以及Clark对debate的分析。到第四段展开Clark的论证过程的时候，我们才看到了modernization of the telephone exchange的作用——原来telephone exchange是作为Clark反对constructivists的expirical方面的论据。因此定位原文：At the empirical level Clark shows howa change at the telephone exchange frommaintenance-intensive electromechanical switchesto semielectronic switching systems altered work

tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,and organization of workers.

这段话是想说，technology对social的重要作用，即C。

我的问题5：maintenance routines这个词组原文并没有出现，所以我开始没敢选。它怎么翻译？答案选C，所以我猜测maintenance routines代表social(神马social organization之类的)，可是不知道答案的时候，怎么能判断出它代表social呢？BTW，maintenance在文中出现多次，应该怎么翻译呢。

122.Which of the following most accurately describes
Clark's opinion of Braverman's position?



(A)He respects its wide-ranging popularity.

(B)He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on
the influence of managers.

(C)He admires the consideration it gives to the
attitudes of the workers affected.

(D)He is concerned about its potential to impede
the implementation of new technologies.

(E)He is sympathetic to its concern about the
impact of modern technology on workers.

123.The information in the passage suggests that which of
the following statements from hypothetical
sociological studies of change in industry most clearly
exemplifies the social constructivists' version of
technological determinism?



(A)It is the available technology that determines
workers' skills, rather than workers' skills
influencing the application of technology.

(B)All progress in industrial technology grows out
of a continuing negotiation between
technological possibility and human need.

(C)Some organizational change is caused by
people; some is caused by computer chips.

(D)Most major technological advances in industry
have been generated through research and
development.

(E)Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but
educated workers can create whole new skills
areas by the adaptation of the technology.

这道题问SC的立场是technology决定workers’ skill(social),还是social决定technology.答案是technology 决定social。纠结。SC的观点到底是什么？

124.The information in the passage suggests that Clark
believes that which of the following would be true if
social constructivism had not gained widespread
acceptance?



(A)Businesses would be more likely to modernize
without considering the social consequences of
their actions.

(B)There would be greater understanding of the
role played by technology in producing social
change.

(C)Businesses would be less likely to understand
the attitudes of employees affected by
modernization.

(D)Modernization would have occurred at a slower
rate.

(E)Technology would have played a greater part in
determining the role of business in society.

题干问，如果social constructivism的观点不被接受，哪个是对的。

因为SC的观点对technology的定义是错的，所以，如果它不被接受，technology对social的作用，就被理解得更准确，即greater understanding.

文中有acceptance,我在文中的定位是Line 25：The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism

125.According to the passage, constructivists employed
which of the following to promote their argument?



(A)Empirical studies of business situations involving
technological change

(B)Citation of managers supportive of their position

(C)Construction of hypothetical situations that
support their view

(D)Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of
an opposing view

(E)Descriptions of the breadth of impact of
technological change

定位在第三段第一句话。

126.The author of the passage uses the expression "are
supposed to" in line 27 primarily in order to



(A)suggest that a contention made by
constructivists regarding determinists is
inaccurate

(B)define the generally accepted position of
determinists regarding the implementation of
technology

(C)engage in speculation about the motivation of
determinists

(D)lend support to a comment critical of the
position of determinists

(E)contrast the historical position of determinists
with their position regarding the exchange
modernization

看到inaccurate就选了，因为只有它是负面评价

127.Which of the following statements about Clark's study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?



(A)Clark
's reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman's analysis of the function
of technology.
(B)Clark
's study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of conflict between labor and management.
(C)Clark
examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.
(D)Clark
concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally beneficial to
management and labor.
(E)Clark
's analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied.

杂色百合2012

我的问题1：第二段constructivists即Braverman的观点说technology被各种social因素决定；第三段constructivists的观点是technology直接影响skills and work organization 即social——是不是有点矛盾了？
其实对于这句话我也不是很理解：
“The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.”
1、alternative这个词到底怎么理解啊？
2“view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization‘说的是sc的观点吗？

而且对于123题的题目要问什么我也不是很清楚~~

magichan

123题：题目问的社会构建论者认为的技术决定论。那么技术决定论者肯定认为：“技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式”拉。
另外，这段话的意思：The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism:technological determinists are supposed to believe,for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
社会构建论通过歪曲技术决定论获得支持，他们认为：技术决定论者可能认为，机械给社会强加了一种适当形式的秩序。换一种说法，社会构建论者认为技术决定论者的观点应该是：技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式。

小福娃欢欢

123题：题目问的社会构建论者认为的技术决定论。那么技术决定论者肯定认为：“技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式”拉。
另外，这段话的意思：The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism:technological determinists are supposed to believe,for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
社会构建论通过歪曲技术决定论获得支持，他们认为：技术决定论者可能认为，机械给社会强加了一种适当形式的秩序。换一种说法，社会构建论者认为技术决定论者的观点应该是：技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式。

-- by 会员 magichan (2011/5/31 12:34:08)

我和LZ有好多一样的疑问呢。
分析的有道理，谢谢

小福娃欢欢

123题：题目问的社会构建论者认为的技术决定论。那么技术决定论者肯定认为：“技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式”拉。
另外，这段话的意思：The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism:technological determinists are supposed to believe,for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
社会构建论通过歪曲技术决定论获得支持，他们认为：技术决定论者可能认为，机械给社会强加了一种适当形式的秩序。换一种说法，社会构建论者认为技术决定论者的观点应该是：技术是在社会之外存在的，技术能够直接影响工作技能和组织形式。

-- by 会员 magichan (2011/5/31 12:34:08)

我还有个问题,第三段说，在社会构建论者看来，技术决定论者 are supposed to believe： technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
这个观点不是和技术决定论者本身的观点一致吗？
搞不懂了。能不能解释一下。

davidpan86

我的问题1：第二段constructivists即Braverman的观点说technology被各种social因素决定；第三段constructivists的观点是technology直接影响skills and work organization 即social——是不是有点矛盾了？constructivists的立场似乎有点模糊不清了,constructivists到底认为social和technology谁更重要，S决定Ｔ，还是Ｔ决定Ｓ？后面123题，符合第三段的立场。

关于这个问题我觉得，文章第三段强调的是constructivists对于技术决定论的本质有误解，他们认为技术是游离与社会外的，而实际上技术本来就是和许多社会关系相关的。强调的是constructivists对于技术的误读。
不知道我这么说对不对，大家一起讨论。