月度寂静两篇GWD考古详解及答案。失散好北京攒人品。

yyd414053809

月度寂静里贴出来的考古。详解及其答案。为一战攒人品！！！CDer们加油！！！






1.GWD-31-Q5-Q8 两种策略hard-sell和soft-sell的优缺点A key decision required of advertising managers is whether a “hard-sell” or “soft-sell” strategy is appropriate for a specific target market. The hard-sell approach involves the use of direct, forceful claims regarding the benefits of the advertised brand over competitors’ offerings. In contrast, the soft-sell approach involves the use of advertising claims that imply superiority more subtly.

One positive aspect of the hard-sell approach is its use of very simple and straightforward product claims presented claims (?) presented as explicit conclusions, with little room for confusion regarding the advertiser’s message. However, some consumers may resent being told what to believe and some may distrust the message. Resentment and distrust often lead to counterargumentation and to boomerang effects where consumers come to believe conclusions diametrically opposed to conclusions endorsed in advertising claims. By contrast, the risk of boomerang erects is greatly reduced with soft-sell approaches. One way to implement the soft-sell approach is to provide information that implies the main conclusions the advertiser wants the consumer to draw, but leave the conclusions themselves unstated. Because consumers are invited to make up their own minds, implicit conclusions reduce the risk of resentment, distrust, and counterargumentation.

(Line 43) Recent research on consumer memory and judgment suggests another advantage of implicit conclusions. Beliefs or (form?) conclusions that are self-generated are more accessible from memory than beliefs from conclusions provided explicitly by other individuals, and thus have a greater impact on judgment and decision making. Moreover, self-generated beliefs are often perceived as more accurate and valid than the beliefs of others, because other individuals may be perceived as less less (?) knowledgeable, or may be perceived as manipulative or deliberately misleading.

Despite these advantages, implicit conclusions may mot always be more effective than explicit conclusions. One risk is that some consumers may fail to draw their own conclusions and thus miss the point of the message. Inferential activity is likely only when consumers are motivated and able to engage in effortful cognitive processes. Another risk is that some consumers may draw conclusions other than the one intended. Even if inferential activity is likely, there is no guarantee that consumers will follow the path provided by the advertiser. Finally, a third risk is that consumers may infer the intended conclusion but question the validity of their inference.

文章第一句就是主题句，就是讲两种策略，各自的优缺点比较。



广告的两种方式，H和S，两者的定义。H的缺点是令消费者产生厌恶和不信任，从而产生飞反效应，适得其反。而S不会产生这些弱点。另外S让消费者自己推断，让他们更容易回想。还有一个优点是消费者认为自己推断的结论更加正确。S的缺点是一些消费者懒得自己去推断，他们需要被刺激去思考；思路不一定和广告商一样，还不一定相信自己的判断。



5: The primary purpose of the passage is to

A: point out the risks involved in the use of a particular advertising strategy

B: make a case or the superiority of one advertising strategy over another

C: illustrate the ways in which two advertising strategies may be implemented

D: present the advantages and disadvantages of two advertising strategies

E: contrast the types of target markets for which two advertising strategies are appropriate



6: it can be inferred from the passage that the research mentioned in line 43 (Recent research on consumer memory and judgment) supports which of the following statements?

A: implicit conclusions are more likely to capture accurately the point of the advertiser’s message than are explicit conclusions.

B: Counterargument action is less likely to occur if an individual’s beliefs or conclusions are readily accessible from memory.

C: The hard-sell approach results in conclusions that are more difficult for the consumer to recall than are conclusions resulting from the soft-sell approach.

D: When the beliefs of others are presented as definite and forceful claims, they are perceived to be as accurate as self-generated beliefs.

E: Despite the advantages of implicit conclusions, the hard-sell approach involves fewer risks for the advertiser than does the soft-sell approach.

Beliefs or (form?) conclusions that are self-generated are more accessible from memory than beliefs from conclusions provided explicitly by other individuals



7: It can be inferred from the passage that one situation in which the boomerang effect often occurs is when consumers

A: have been exposed to forceful claims that are diametrically opposed to those in an advertiser’s message

B: have previous self-generated beliefs or conclusions that are readily accessible from memory

C: are subjected to advertising messages that are targeted at specific markets to which those consumers do not belong

D: are confused regarding the point of the advertiser’s message

E: come to view the advertiser’s message with suspicion

第二段hard-sell的主要缺点。However, some consumers may resent being told what to believe and some may distrust the message. Resentment and distrust often lead to counterargumentation and to boomerang effects where consumers come to believe conclusions diametrically opposed to conclusions endorsed in advertising claims. 这道题目A是个陷阱，一定要注意。



8: It can be inferred from the passage that advertisers could reduce one of the risks discussed in the last paragraph if they were able to provide

A: motivation for consumers to think about the advertisement’s message

B: information that implies the advertiser’s intended conclusion but leaves that conclusion unstated

C: subtle evidence that the advertised product is superior to that of competitors

D: information comparing the advertised product with its competitors

E: opportunity for consumers to generate their own beliefs or conclusions

Inferential activity is likely only when consumers are motivated and able to engage in effortful cognitive processes.

2.GWD-17-Q24-Q27 AFL对政府医疗保障的态度
In 1938, at the government-convened1938年的会议上工会工人

National Health Conference, organized labor是提议立法保障公众健康
emerged as a major proponent of legislation的主要力量。
Lineto guarantee universal health care in the
(5)United States.The American Medical
代表医师利益的AMM要Association, representing physicians’求保护医师的自由市场权。
interests, argued for preserving physicians’
free-market prerogatives.Labor activists劳工行动家反对他们，坚
countered these arguments by insisting that持说卫生保健是由政府项
(10)health care was a fundamental right that目保障的基本权利。
should be guaranteed by government
programs. 1938年, labor activists支持政府医疗保障
The labor activists’ position represented劳工行动家的立场背离了

a departure from the voluntarist view heldAFL到1935年才放弃的

(15)until 1935 by leaders of the American唯意志观点。

Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affiliation
of labor unions; the voluntarist view唯意志观点强调工人有权
stressed workers’ right to freedom from摆脱政府对自己生活的干
government intrusions into their lives and扰，它认为健康保险危及
(20)represented national health insurance as a公众隐私。
threat to workers’ privacy.AFL presidentAFL领袖SG肆意说代表了
Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for全体工人，反对AALL在
all workers, had positioned the AFL as1915年设立健康保险的提
a leading opponent of the proposals for议。
(25)national health insurance that were advo-
cated beginning in 1915 by the American
Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),
an organization dedicated to the study and
reform of labor laws.Gompers’ oppositionSG的反对一定程度上有他
(30)to national health insurance was partly的原则，基于资本主义政
principled, arising from the premise that府总是保护雇主的利益。
governments under capitalism invariably
served employers’, not workers’, interests.
Gompers feared the probing of governmentSG害怕官僚主义伸入工人
(35)bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as生活，由雇主资助的保险
the possibility that government-mandated又可能让公司得到员工的
health insurance, financed in part by体检报告，用来辞退伤残
employers, could permit companies to工人。
require employee medical examinations
(40)that might be used to discharge disabled
workers. 1935年之前AFL的主要观点，反对政府医疗保障
Yetthe AFL’s voluntarism had accom-但唯意志论容纳了某些例

modated certain exceptions:the AFL had外：AFL支持代表受伤工
supported government intervention on behalf人和童工的政府干预。
(45)of injured workers and child laborers.AFL但AFL和健康保险划清界
officials drew the line at national health线，一部分是出于自身权
insurance, however, partly out of concern力的考虑。
for their own power.The fact that AFLAALL等局外人担当主
outsiders such as the AALL had taken the要角色惹怒了SG。
(50)most prominent advocacy roles antagonized
Gompers.That this reform threatened union-这个改革危及SG支持的
sponsored benefit programs championed by资助利益项目，让保险
Gompers made national health insurance更讨厌。
even more objectionable.
(55)Indeed, the AFL leadership did faceAFL的领导层的确面临
serious organizational divisions.Many严重分化。很多联盟成员
unionists, recognizing that union-run health认识到联盟运作的健康项
programs covered only a small fraction of目只面对一小部分成员，
union members and that unions represented纷纷支持义务健康保险。
(60)only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,
worked to enact compulsory health
insurance in their state legislatures.This最终在1935年AFL还是
activism and the views underlying it came to支持了这一立法。
prevail in the United States labor movement
(65)and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed

its position on health legislationAFL最终倒戈支持政府医疗保证.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q24:
The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?

1. It was opposed by the AALL.
   
   
2. It was shared by most unionists until 1935.
   
3. It antagonized the American Medical Association.
   
4. It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.
   
5. It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.
   

AFL presidentSamuel Gompers, presuming to speak forall workers, had positioned the AFL asa leading opponent of the proposals fornational health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the AmericanAssociation for Labor Legislation (AALL)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. account for a labor organization’s success in achieving a particular goal
   
2. discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue
   
   
3. explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization
   
4. outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership in a particular debate
   
5. question the extent to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue
   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q26:
Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?

1. It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.
   
2. It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.
   
3. It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
   
   
4. It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.
   
5. It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.
   

the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q27:
According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that

1. union-sponsored health programs were less expensive than government-sponsored programs
   
2. most unionists were covered by and satisfied with union-sponsored health programs
   
3. it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits
   
4. it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs
   
   
5. the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association
   

Gompers’ oppositionto national health insurance was partlyprincipled, arising from the premise thatgovernments under capitalism invariablyserved employers’, not workers’, interests.Gompers feared the probing of governmentbureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well asthe possibility that government-mandatedhealth insurance, financed in part byemployers, could permit companies torequire employee medical examinationsthat might be used to discharge disabledworkers.

zhangyina

顶啊~

roundroundyy

顶！！

bobzyc0304

第一个确认是原题了吗

carvinhuang

这个是什么啊！？是原题？！！？！

庄子o8

ding   好人品啊，楼主

glhelr

顶lz

yappy

big thx !
我石尔北京杀前阵了LZ!!!!

epvigcq

谢谢ＬＺ！！！！！

幽叶囡囡

thanks,你一定会考到理想成绩的~~~~~~~~~~~~加油！！！！！！！！！O(∩_∩)O