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8#

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发表于 2011-1-8 23:16:20
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开始看cr 和作文argument。找了些坛子上的资料。整理下。
Critical Reasoning Words 我看了下OG上的cr不外乎两种:construction& evaluation, (第三种是前两个的进化升级版) 前提 premise, presupposition, precondition 假设 assumption, hypothesis, suppose assume presuppose (特指对于前提的假设); additional premise; not true unless; depend on; rely on 原因 reason, cause 举例 cite, illustrate, give an example 类比 reason by analogy, analogize 比较 compare 解释 explain, interpret, commentate, decipher, make clear, 分析 analyze 主张 protest, claim, allegation, in one's opinion, in one's point of view, 同意 agree with, for, welcome, consent, approve, accede 不同意 disagree, be against, oppose 支持 support, strengthen, in support of 削弱 weaken, jeopardize, cast doubt on argue against; damage; counter; challenge; flaw; refute; criticism; undermine; drawback; reasoning error; weakness. (其中flaw,criticism,reasoning error 和weakness属于名词性的削弱)。 评论 evaluate, appraisal, comment on, critique 反驳 refute, disprove, rebut, contradict, combat 谴责 critisize, condemn, 辩护 defend 暗示指出 indicate, suggest, imply, hint 归纳总结 conclude, induce, sum up, summarize 推断 reasoning, deduce 预测 prediction, forecast, 结果 result, aftermath, outcome, ending 证明 demonstrate, substantiate 好/坏 好的合乎逻辑的 logical, free from logical flaws, sound, valid, 适当的 appropriate, applicable 有说服力的 compelling, convincing, forceful 不好的 defective biased unreliable unconvincing weak argument suffer from flaws unfounded highly doubtful less than valid present insurmountable obstacles
AWA-argument 时间控制 30 mins 5准备期 2找出论点论据+3列提纲 20开动期 2简诉原文论点,提出自己方案+16三个以上论据逐个开动+2整理论点 5 检查期 3检查文章结构(这里还不很确定具体要做什么)+2(语法,拼写检查)
七宗罪 第一宗罪:无因果联系 The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.
第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample 证据不充分,以点盖面 The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.
第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )<横向> The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....
第四宗罪 all things are equal<纵向> 注意时间方面,过去与现在,将来 The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....
第五宗罪 Either-Or choice 黑白灰 The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.
第六宗罪 survey is doubtful 权威性不够 The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption 乱找论据 The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
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