assage 71 (8/22)---请教生物文章读法

paopao

新老观点对比型

Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (endothermic: adj.吸热(性)的,[动]温血的) (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss.（热血动物调节体温有两种方式：B和I） Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate (microclimate: n.[气]小气候(指森林、城市、洞穴等局部地区的气候)) for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. （人类多用B，少用I）Thermoregulatory (thermoregulatory: adj.体温调节的,保持(一定)体温的) behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: （B促进H，I减少H）it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system (central nervous system: n. 中枢神经系统), and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.（I的作用小）介绍背景知识，调节体温的两种方式B和I

Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. （老观点：生物对微波辐射与其他辐射反应一样）After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field (microwave field: 超高频场, 微波场) may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile (temperature profile: 温度曲线图, 温度轮廓) may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. （缺陷：B在表面，M在深处，所以内热外冷，错） Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory (in theory: 理论上), the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done (well-done: adj.做得好的, 完全煮熟的) before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed. 第二段：提出老观点，并反驳

Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm² were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm² might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm² were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. （以前对MT的认识）Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification,（缺陷：过于简单化） and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm² can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (radio frequency: n.无线电频率) (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised.（新观点：现在的认识：RF—）H大于HL—》T） Yet surprisingly, not long ago (not long ag adv.不久前), an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.（以前把体温增加当作T的证据了，其实是原因）新观点：T是如何真正地产生的

3.     Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up (take up: 继续) in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?续写，下一段  花时1分46秒

(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals and human beings

(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation

(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is dangerous

(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings（A）

(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia

最近一直在做生物文章 感谢pumpkin weiyu的帮助 明白了大致的方法

有几个问题请教

1我读文章记笔记要花很多时间 这篇文章花了我7分44秒 做题T3花了1分46秒外 其他题都做得很快 这样的时间安排行不行  是不是读文章花的时间太多了

2记笔记 对过程要记到什么程度  如我在这篇文中做的笔记要不要太多了   平时一般我只记数量和过程关系 其他的都不记

3 对于各段之间的关系 我把握不好 比如这篇文章 就搞不懂各段之间有什么的关系 有些文章结构清楚的比较好懂     如这篇文章的各段结构联系有什么办法能读明白

4 这个续写题 虽然蒙对了 也不明白为何 最根本的原因在于我不明白各段的联系及与这个续写的联系

5小安讲的对考点的关注等等 我在生物的文章中一点也顾不了 忙着搞清关系都来不及呢 不知其他考友的感觉是如何

谢谢

weiyu

Passage 71-2772-8/22fficeffice" />

Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (endothermic: adj.吸热(性)的,[动]温血的) (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate (microclimate: n.[气]小气候(指森林、城市、洞穴等局部地区的气候)) for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory (thermoregulatory: adj.体温调节的,保持(一定)体温的) behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system (central nervous system: n. 中枢神经系统), and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.

根据几个标志词：B+, I 调整（＋表示主要）, D thr(直接热接受), T+(表示温度变化大)导致B有限(共6个字母，两个汉字，10秒)

Until recently it was assumed (老观点)that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues.

This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism（新老观点的区别）.

The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field (microwave field: 超高频场, 微波场) may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. （热接受只能在表皮发生，但是微波热量集中在深处）

The resulting temperature profile (temperature profile: 温度曲线图, 温度轮廓) may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin.

（内热外凉的反剃度不能引起热接受的反应）

In theory (in theory: 理论上), the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done (well-done: adj.做得好的, 完全煮熟的) before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed. （这是个比喻：在能感到热效应发生之前，身体已经完全被蒸熟了）

总结：Mw反thr(微波抑制热接受的感知)；

Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm² were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm² might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm² were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm² can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (radio frequency: n.无线电频率) (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago (not long ago: adv.不久前), an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.

总结P(mw)和热效应

    

全文关系：一段：B,I因素，B受限的两个情况（直接热接受和温度大变化）；二段实际上说明了直接热接受在感知微波热效应的缺陷；三段说明了微波能量和热效应。

    

T3关键是全文最后一句话：实际上当热量获得>热量损失，不仅是个热效应，而且已经破坏了肌体的热调节功能（原文隐讳，就是不说）。

    

7分钟应当是可以接受的。看看GRE的长文章，一般是8~10分钟。好像不比这篇长多少

paopao

感谢weiyu 和pumpkin

不过T3实在是太难了这样隐讳的表达如何能想得到

appleyellow11

2.     The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heat production?

I.      They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organism rather than at the surface.

II.     They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.

III.   They are not affected by microwave radiation.

(A) I only

(B) I and II only

(C) I and III only

(D) II and III only（B）

(E) I, II, and III

my question : why is I right?

The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies.