麻烦大家了，帮我看一道态度题吧，谢谢

AmyGMAT

Passage 9 (9/63)Most economists in the United States
seem captivated bythe spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal thatdoes not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that isdetermined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that is concerned),established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seemspernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think ofprice-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” andhaving a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in allindustrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as aneffortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that itrequires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, acomparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same groupof consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needsand thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonlyrecognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firmwill also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common withthe other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm willthus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would beprejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Mosteconomists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to bebrought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing thefree market to operate without interference is the most efficient method ofestablishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialistcountries other than the United  states
. These economies employ intentionalprice-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel andinformal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry arecommonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free marketand inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the firstand used the second would have suffered drastically in their economicdevelopment. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework ofcontrolled prices. In the early 1970’s, the Soviet Unionbegan to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting pricesthat a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economistsin the United States
have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are nomore subject to prices established by a free market over which they exerciselittle influence than are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have beengiven the power to fix prices.
1.    Theprimary purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute the theory that the free marketplays a useful role in the development of industrialized societies
(B) suggest methods by which economists andmembers of the government of the United States
can recognize andcombat price-fixing by large firms(C) show that in industrialized societiesprice-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible butalso mutually beneficial
(D) explain the various ways in whichindustrialized societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the free market（E）
(E) argue that price-fixing, in one form oranother, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of anyindustrialized society
2.    Thepassage provides information that would answer which of the following questionsabout price-fixing?
I.    What are some ofthe ways in which prices can be fixed?
II.   For whatproducts is price-fixing likely to be more profitable that the operation of thefree market?
III.  Is price-fixingmore common in socialist industrialized societies or in non-socialistindustrialized societies?
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
3.    Theauthor’s attitude toward “Most economists in the United States
”(line1) can best be described as(A) spiteful and envious
(B) scornful and denunciatory  我选的B
(C) critical and condescending  选C 如何能看出来是有优越感？？
(D) ambivalent but deferential（C）
(E) uncertain but interested
4.    It can beinferred from the author’s argument that a price fixed by the seller “seemspernicious” (line 7) because
(A) people do not have confidence in largefirms
(B) people do not expect the government toregulate prices
(C) most economists believe that consumersas a group should determine prices
(D) most economists associate fixed priceswith communist and socialist economies（C）
(E) most economists believe that no onegroup should determine prices
5.    Thesuggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies isnormal arises from the author’s statement that price-fixing is
(A) a profitable result of economicdevelopment
(B) an inevitable result of the industrialsystem


(C) the result of a number of carefullyorganized decisions
(D) a phenomenon common to industrializedand non-industrialized societies（B）
(E) a phenomenon best achievedcooperatively by government and industry
6.    Accordingto the author, price-fixing in non-socialist countries is often
(A) accidental but productive
(B) illegal but useful
(C) legal and innovative
(D) traditional and rigid（E）
(E) intentional and widespread
7.    Accordingto the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union’schange in economic policy in the 1970’s?
(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.
(B) Soviet firms have less control over thefree market.
(C) Soviet firms are able to adjust totechnological advances.
(D) Soviet firms have some authority to fixprices.（D）
(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to thefree market.
8.    With whichof the following statements regarding the behavior of large firms inindustrialized societies would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) The directors of large firms willcontinue to anticipate the demand for products.
(B) The directors of large firms are lessinterested in achieving a predictable level of profit than in achieving a largeprofit.
(C) The directors of large firms willstrive to reduce the costs of their products.
(D) Many directors of large firms believethat the government should establish the prices that will be charged forproducts.（A）
(E) Many directors of large firms believethat the price charged for products is likely to increase annually.
9.    In thepassage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) predicting the consequences of apractice
(B) criticizing a point of view
(C) calling attention to recent discoveries
(D) proposing a topic for research（B）
(E) summarizing conflicting opinions