发现BF题关于PRINCIPLE理解的中美区别还有对BF9道题第一，九题OA的疑问

gjr_2009

我从9道逻辑题看过来，又看了[原创]逻辑Boldface解题一般性原理（讨论稿）                                            
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-19296-1-1.html
我看到了一些国外的网站，我觉得对于principle的定义的理解真的区别很大：
经典的：逻辑Boldface解题一般性原理（讨论稿） 定义principle如下：
“2) principle, 定义为“指导argument过程的原则”，换句话说argument是principle在一个具体环境下的应用。”----在我理解和argument差不多。。。可能我理解有误，但我觉得和argument区分不大

但我google 了一下，有个GMAT CLUB里的人下定义说：（以下是基于逻辑Boldface练习题-01的解释）
Principle(principle is much stronger such as Buoyancy/Gravity etc can be applied widely)
Evidence - evidence has to support the conclusion directly
(ref: http://gmatclub.com/forum/cr-navigation-75974.html)

这样的话，我们好多理解都不正确。
我在google上面看到逻辑Boldface练习题-01选C，但我们选E。他们给出的解释用的是排除法。原因就是Principle是大家都要认可的一般规律。如万有引力等
Cite from (http://www.beatthegmat.com/bold-face-modern-navigation-systems-t18117.html)

我又想起我们每次看书的时候关于定理，我们都用Principle1，principle2.。。

还在：“boldface中的一些基本概念 ”里面发现了解释：
”Principle: something fundamental that we do not question. This would be somewhat stronger than a fact because it is not specific to a limited number of cases but instead, apply to a broader range of scenarios(and often deeper in meaning). For instance, you will not talk about the principle that crime is increasing in large cities. Instead, it is a fact which applies to large cities. However, you will talk about the principles of Physics or the fundamental principles of Human Rights. I believe principles convey a stronger connotation than mere facts.“
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-164744-1-1.html
所以我觉得principle应该是个公认的定理。比FACT更有逻辑性，广泛性和适用性。

请问： 1. principle是不是应该被理解成由fact直接归纳出来的广为人知的定理？
           2. Boldface练习题-01到底应该选什么（这个问题base on the definition of “PRINCIPLE")

PS:第九题我选A，reasons same with below:
1) Second part is not inference but a conclusion.
2) First part is not evidence, but background over which argument is built on.
http://tianlong-gmat.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html

非常感谢！！！！

爱在耶鲁

牛津：principle:2. a law ,a rule or a theory that sth is based on.（定理）
                       4.a general or scientific law that explains how sth works or why sth happens（定律）

国外可能说的是定律，咱们说的是定理，至于按哪个来解题就不知道了。 希望有大牛来解答。

我心向明月

下面是从LDOCE5里查的principle解释，去掉肯定无关的意思，我认为principle的意思，在这里应该是：原理

2. idea behind something  [ countable ]   the basic idea that a plan or system is based on :  原理，原则
The  general principle  is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16.
basic/fundamental/guiding principle
the basic principles of business management
principle of
the principles of French law
principle that
Reflexology is based on the principle that specific areas on the feet correspond to different parts of the body.
on a principle
The project worked on the principle that each person’s experience was equally valuable.
principle behind
the principles behind government policies
He called for a return to  first principles  (= the most important ideas )  of road safety for children.
Similar  principles apply  in the case of older children   (= the principles are the same as others that have been mentioned ) .

3. in principle：原则上

a) if something is possible in principle, there is no good reason why it should not happen, but it has not actually happened yet  SYN  theoretically :  
In principle, the new software should make the accounting system a lot simpler.

b) if you agree to something in principle, you agree about a general plan or idea but have not yet considered the details :  
They have accepted the idea in principle.
The government has  agreed in principle  to a referendum.

4. rules of a process  [ countable ]   a rule which explains the way something such as a machine works, or which explains a natural force in the universe :  
Archimedes’ principle  阿基米德原理，也有称阿基米德定律

principle of
the basic principles of physics
?  Do not confuse the noun  principle  with the noun and adjective  principal :  a former principal of the college  |  her principal tasks

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
a general/broad principle   He explained the general principles of the constitution.
an important principle   One important principle is that you should give yourself plenty of reward for your success.
a basic/fundamental principle  (= a very important principle to which other ideas are added )   Applicants should show that they understand the basic principles of marketing.
a guiding principle  (= a principle that helps you decide what to do )   Fairness is the guiding principle.
first principles  (= the most basic ideas that something is based on )   The researchers went back to first principles.

verbs
be based on a principle   A good education ought to be based on multicultural principles.
a principle applies   The same principle applies to all kinds of selling.
the principle underlying something   What are the principles underlying this form of treatment?
establish a principle  (= make it accepted )   Establish the principle that when your office door is shut you must not be disturbed.
lay down a principle  (= describe a principle and make it accepted )   The report lays down general principles for the teaching of English.

gjr_2009

ls的 那你基本上同意我的观点啦？
字典上的GMAC不一定考是吧。

我心向明月

ls的 那你基本上同意我的观点啦？
字典上的GMAC不一定考是吧。

-- by 会员 gjr_2009 (2010/1/27 11:44:26)

这个...原理与定理还是区别很大的吧？

gjr_2009

那你说什么是定理，什么是原理，两者主要区别在哪里呢？

我心向明月

定义：人根据某些基础条件给出的一个概念，不需要证明，一般格式为“什么是什么”（对于一种事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵和外延的确切而简要的说明。）

公理：人为的根据某一领域的学科基础，给出一个公认的规律，不需要证明。一般来说在一个领域内公理都很少而且很基础。（经过人类长期反复实践的考验，不需要再加证明的命题，如：如果A=B,B=C，则A=C。社会上多数人公认的正确道理）

定理：根据定义和公理得到的推论。需要证明。一般来说同一领域内有无数的定理，有些定理应用范围很广而很出名，有些定理相对应用范围小。(已经证明具有正确性、可以作为原则或规律的命题或公式，如几何定理。)

定律：在自然学科（物理，化学等）中，人为的根据试验观察得到的规律。不需理论证明，但是要有试验验证。如：牛顿运动定律，开普勒三定律。（反映事物发展变化规律的论断或公式）（定律是一种理论模型，它用以描述特定情况、特定尺度下的现实世界，在其它尺度下可能会失效或者不准确。没有任何一种理论可以描述宇宙当中的所有情况，也没有任何一种理论可能完全正确。）

定理对应的英文应该是：theorem，比如the convexity theorem，勾股定理。
定律对应的英文主要是：law，比如：Ohm's law 欧娒定律；the law of the conservation of energy 能量守恒定律；the law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律

原理：自然科学和社会科学中具有普遍意义的基本规律。是在大量观察、实践的基础上，经过归纳、概括而得出的。既能指导实践，又必须经受实践的检验。比如：雷达的工作原理。

个人认为，principle在boldface题中的确切含义应该是“原理”。

让我们看一下OG中关于Critical Reasoning的说明：

Critical reasoning questions are designed to test the reasoning skills involved in (1) making arguments, (2) evaluating arguments, and (3) formulating or evaluating a plan of action. The materials on which questions are based are drawn from a variety of sources. The GMAT test does not suppose any familiarity with the subject matter of those materials.

以上，供参考。

我心向明月

逻辑Boldface练习题-01，又看了一遍，还是想选E。