动物的逻辑能力考古: <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}@font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:1627400839 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;}@font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-pagination:none; font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:0pt;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;}@page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;}div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:2075734423; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-781553430 67698705 1008117140 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}@list l0:level1 {mso-level-text:"%1\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:21.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:21.0pt; text-indent:-21.0pt;}@list l0:level2 {mso-level-start-at:2; mso-level-text:%2); mso-level-tab-stop:57.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:57.0pt; text-indent:-36.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.5pt; mso-ansi-font-weight:normal;}ol {margin-bottom:0cm;}ul {margin-bottom:0cm;}--> V1
第一段:科学家做了一个试验(就类似大猩猩搬箱子摘香蕉)发现一些raven可以一次获得食物,剩下的可以通过一次次的努力,而且每次努力去掉了前面的error. 而且野生的raven在平常是没有类似的训练或者经历的。 第二段:而且raven的这类试验不像其他动物行为实验室,每步成功给奖励——只有最后成功才有奖励。但有人反驳,说每次成功可能raven更接近食物。但是作者不同意他们的观点 第三段:第二个试验中,科学家把奖励用一种random的形式出现,发现raven的行为less logical,还有一些解释,所以驳斥了上面人的反驳。
V2
raven(好像是这个)试验
第一段说的是科学家做试验,为了验证一种假设,把食物吊在放在R动物面前,它会尝试很多次去吃到它,科学家觉得这是通过失败分析得到的
第二段有科学家提出反论,说第一段分析不正确,不过作者马上说这个反论不可靠,有问题
第三段说科学家又做了个试验,虽然比第一个试验难不了多少,不过R的表现差很多,说明原来的假设值得进一步的研究
问题:
1) 如果猴子也被拿来在试验室里做同样试验,它会怎么表现?
2) 说明第二段作用的,
我选的是提供一个解释,这个应该是对的,文章主流方向还是肯定最开始结论的
V3
verbal 阅读有个关于raven behavior的好像在哪里见过
大概意思就是做了2个实验来说明ravenbehavior是否有逻辑什么的。
V4
第二篇说解释一个实验的结果关于动物是否logic thinking.有三个意见,一段一个,可惜第二第三个意见我没有看通了,明明在说相互矛盾,最后来了个预期相反(5题)
V5
阅读一篇是乌鸦Logicalthinking
问最后一段作用
我选排除第一段的巧合的可能
V6
乌鸦是否有逻辑思维能力 JJ写的很详细
V7
遇到了JJ里的raven题。
出了第一段的mainidea 题。
还有两道关于第二段的implication题。
V8
乌鸦的逻辑思维能力.文章长,一定要小心.
开始讲科学家通过试验,发现乌鸦能够通过一系列复杂的行为(这部分内容很复杂,但是对于做题根本没有用,总之知道乌鸦这个行为表明了它能够逻辑思考就行)来获取一个精心设计放置的肉类.这个表明了他们用逻辑思维能力.
第二段就讲很多动物在试验中也可以一步一步的来获取复杂放置的食物.但是他们都是通过不断试错(这里有一道题)和研究人员在这个过程中每一步的食物鼓励做到 的,这个并不能说明这些小动物有逻辑思维能力.当然,有一种针对乌鸦试验的反驳观点认为乌鸦是在那个复杂行为中每一步发现肉更近了来获得精神激励,(这里 有道细节题,为反驳的观点是什么)不说明他们能逻辑思考.作者反驳了这种观点,提出一个有点复杂的理由.(总之知道作者不赞同就行了)
解 释:这里的意思是,因为乌鸦在那个复杂的行为中,每做一步就会发现肉离它更近了一点,所以受到了精神上面的鼓励,所以才会这么一步一步做下去.如果这个解 释成立的话,那么乌鸦就和那些在实验室中被研究人员一步一步用食物鼓励的小动物的行为没有差别了.那么这就说明了乌鸦没有逻辑思维能力,只是一种觅食本能 的反应. 这种解释就被用来反驳文章第一段中研究人员认为乌鸦有逻辑思维能力的推论.作者认为这个解释是不合理的,提出了一堆比较复杂的理由,认为这个反驳是不成立 的.
第三段,后来研究人员又做了一个类似第一段的试验,发现乌鸦并不具备逻辑思维能力.因此,文章的结论是乌鸦是否具备逻辑思维能力还不确定.
这篇阅读在11月的JJ上面有一篇参考的英文报道,非常有用,介绍的就是这个复杂的试验.看那篇报道对于理解这个试验很有帮助.但是一定要注意.JJ上面那篇参考文章的观点是乌鸦有逻辑思维能力,这篇考试文章的观点是乌鸦有没有逻辑思维能力还不确定.
其 他细节题都在上面我提示了,有一个推理题要注意:讲猴子怎样的行为才能说明它有逻辑思维能力.这个需要理解全文才能作.原来没有见过这个题型,所以记忆深 刻.我选的E.就是猴子通过一系列复杂的行为来获取水果.比较确定.其他选项很迷惑,但是仔细分析都是文章中用来说明乌鸦没有逻辑思维能力的理由,所以不 能证明猴子有逻辑思维能力.
V9
考 到verbal是脑袋已经开始晕了,幸亏碰到的两道比较长的阅读之前都在机经上看到过,也都算比较经典的,一个是讲通过试验证明乌鸦有逻辑思维能力的那一 篇(据之前的机经,讲乌鸦的逻辑思维的总共有两篇,两篇似乎是上下文,我碰到的是上文,单独看上下文的话两种得出的结论是不一样的),
附文章:
Clever ravenproves that it's no birdbrainLogic andpuzzle-solving come naturally to highly intelligent scavenger, claim biologists by Robin McKie,science editor
guardian.co.uk,Sunday April 29 2007 00.13 BST
TheObserver, Sunday April 29 2007
Article history
Scientists have revealed an unexpectedcandidate for the title of the world's second smartest creature - the raven.According to a pair of researchers, a bird brain is no longer a sign ofstupidity; indeed, it could be a sign of surprising intelligence. In the latest issue of Scientific American,Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar - scientists based at Vermont University inCanada and St Andrews University in Scotland, respectively - reveal a series ofexperiments that provides startling backing for the idea that ravens are thebrainboxes of the natural world. 'These birds use logic to solve problems andsome of their abilities even surpass those of the great apes,' they say. One startling experiment they outlineinvolved ravens who were allowed to sit on perches from which pieces of meatdangled from string. To get a treat, a raven had to perform a complex series ofactions: pull up some of the string, place a loop on the perch and hold it witha claw, then pull up another section of string and hold that loop on the perch.By repeating this process half a dozen times, a raven could reach the end ofthe string and get the meat. 'Some animals can be taught how to get foodthis way,' Heinrich said. 'However, I found ravens could perform this complexsequence of actions straight away. I was extremely surprised the first time Isaw one of them do this. These birds have never seen string before orencountered meat hanging this way, yet they worked out exactly what they neededto do to get a treat.' Many animals, birds and insects are capableof carrying out complex actions: nest-building, for example. However, suchcreatures are programmed genetically to undertake the different steps involvedin such behaviour. Little intelligence is involved. By contrast, ravens havedemonstrated that they can work out complex sets of actions, involving no testsor trial and error. This implies that they use logic. 'The birds acted as ifthey knew what they were doing,' the two researchers say in ScientificAmerican. 'Ravens have the ability to test actions in their minds. Thatcapacity is probably lacking, or present only to a limited extent, in mostanimals.' Other experiments by biologists have shownthat ravens often let other animals do work for them. In the wild, they havebeen known to make calls that bring wolves and foxes to dead animals so thatthese large carnivores can break the carcass apart, making meat accessible tothe birds. Birds related to the raven also show surprising intelligence. TheNew Caledonian crow has been shown to fashion tools of leaves and to use themto extract grubs from crevices in trees, for example. Scientists such as Heinrich and Bugnyarbelieve that ravens evolved their surprisingly high intelligence because oftheir complex social lives and scavenging lifestyles. The birds have to be able to assess veryquickly how close to a wolf or fox they can get when one is eating a deadanimal: they need to get close enough to get food, but not be attackedthemselves.However, Heinrich cautioned against stating unequivocally that theraven is the cleverest animal on Earth after humans. 'It is up there with thegreat apes and dolphins,' he said, 'but I think it is very difficult to saywhich is cleverer. There are different types of intelligence. I am good atbiology but hopeless using computers, for example. Nevertheless, it is nowclear the raven is one of the very smartest creatures we know about.' |