回报下CD,先传个Support的整理

Euphekira

额，这个是我大致以前整理的一部分...刚刚看到了就传上来吧，可能有错误的地方，大家包涵哈～
Support
支持性题目：答案可能有新元素出现，一定是可以加入题干中支持题设的论据得到结论的。注意结论的关键词
分析：要么支持premise要么另外提供evidence,困难的是鉴别哪个选项是对于题干的premise是支持的
类型如下几种：
1.    因果关系，证明关系确实存在（有因有果，无他因 (出现最多)，证据正确<最后这个要么比较白痴要么比较困难往往是对于evidence的存在可能性证明和含义的paraphrase>
2.    Analogy: 选项表明类比的两类之间的相似点
3.    Statistics:表明调查的对象有代表性，表明数据真实可靠
对于某种措施可以达到什么什么的结果，（Plan)
1. 这种措施可以解决问题（白痴点）
2. 文中提出采取某种措施的证据，选项可以支持这种证据，或者是提出新的补充证据 （见T-9-Q28. 天山-7-13 补充选项后可以达到预设的结果见下题）
3. 这种措施不会带来其他意想不到的结果（关键，往往是出题点）
4. 有能力采取这种措施
GWD25-22
某种hypothesis(设想)--要么架桥（类比或者支持补充证据），要么反证
•    两种情况A和B
1.    有A则有B, A—>B,1.非B—>非A, 反面证明，
e.g. GWD-10-9,gwd-5-9, gwd6-15， 5-13 ，3-9
Argument： X是x的集合，证实60年代的x有污染物Y,所以，现在查出X中Y存在原因就是x（反证，其他没有被污染X的疫苗没有X，暗示没有其他情况使得疫苗产生X，可以画图证明)
2.    有A则有B,A→B,类比证明之间的因果联系，类比C→B, A=C(性质相同)，
所以，A—>B.e.g.GWD10-9
•    
22. GWD25-Q22.
Springfield Fire Commissioner: the vast majority of false fire alarms are prank calls made anonymously from fire alarm boxes on street corners. Since virtually everyone has access to a private telephone, these alarm boxes have outlived their usefulness. Therefore, we propose to remove the boxes. Removing the boxes will reduce the number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the proposal, if carried out, will have the announced effect?

A.    The fire department traces all alarm calls made from private telephones and records where they came from.
B.    Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs Springfield approximately five million dollars annually.
C.    A telephone call can provide the fire department with more information about the nature and size of a fire than can an alarm placed from an alarm box.
D.    Responding to false alarms significantly reduces the fire department’s capacity for responding to fires.
E.    On any given day, a significant percentage of the public telephones in Springfield are out of service.
Which option most strongly supports the claim that removing the alarm boxes will reduce the number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire? The argument already provides some evidence that (1) removing the boxes will reduce prank calls—because that is where most such call are now made from—and that (2) doing so will not hamper people’s ability to report fires—virtually everyone already has a private telephone from which they could report a fire. So for an option to be correct it must support either (1) or (2) or both, and provide more such support thanthe other options. If prank calls from private telephones are traced back to their origin, that should deter people frommaking such calls.
有能力做到上述premise，evidence的条件（assure this possibility)
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GWD3-Q9:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A.    The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B.    atrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.(反证)
C.    In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D.    In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E.    The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
GWD6-Q15:
Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede.  Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins.  Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.    A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.
B.    The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.
C.    The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.
D.    Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.
E.    The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.
GWD5-Q26:
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective. (No other reason 正面说明或者反证这是唯一区别)
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.    When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B.    A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
C.    When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
D.    Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E.    High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
GWD5-Q13:同上题，找原因（反证)
It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry.  This dose not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
A.    Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
B.    A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.
C.    A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
D.    Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
E.    Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.  
GWD-10-Q9
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.(怎么样证明两者之间的必然联系？补充证据！排他，反面证明)
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?
A.    SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B.    Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C.    Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus.
D.    In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E.    In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.
36. GWD25-Q36 (是一种类比证明,把weakfulness和sleep作为两个互补且原理一致的集合，当weakfulness已知和adenosine有关系，那么sleep自然也有关系)注意hypothesis的关键词
The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness.(general principle) During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.(怎样证明两者之间的必然联系？补充证据！类比！)
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers’ hypothesis?
A.    Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.
B.    Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells.
C.    Besides binding to sites in the brain, adenosine is known to be involved in biochemical reactions throughout the body.
D.    Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine.
E.    Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.
GWD-10-Q14 (一定要注意后来的情况提出的证据，找到gap，解释第一种情况为什么没有导致某一种结果，第一种情况和第二种情况的差别)
Yeasts capable of leavening bread (发酵面包)are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.
Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?证明两个事件的因果关系
A.    Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.
B.    Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.
C.    Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.
D.    The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.
E.    Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce
调查数据具有代表性
GWD-24-Q 22:调查是不是具有代表性？
Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.
B.    Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.
C.    X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.
D.    The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.
E.    Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone other than ankle bones.
GWD-9-Q37: (样本调查，证明调查的random sampling)
Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    articipants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.
B.    articipants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.
C.    Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.
D.    Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
E.    The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.
GWD-9-Q38:证明证据的有效（数据在多大的范围内有效，相对比较），反面支持，实际是削弱
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?
A.    Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year.
B.    Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.
C.    Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.
D.    Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.
E.    The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.
 
GWD6-Q33:对于预测，找出预测的原因，解释要实施的方法可以解决问题的原因（这个现存问题某个方面的特殊性）
Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains.  Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years.  The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period.  Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?
A.    By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.
B.    The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.
C.    For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.
D.    Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.
E.    The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.
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GWD7-Q37:找出预测的原因，如果没有明确提出对立方的观点，注意关键词，
Escalating worldwide demand for corn has led to a sharp increase in the market price of corn, and corn prices are likely to remain high.  Corn is extensive used as feed for livestock, and because profit margins are tight in the livestock business, many farmers are expected to leave the business.  With fewer suppliers, meat prices will surely rise.  Nonetheless, observers expect an immediate short-term decrease in meat prices.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the observers’ expectation?
A.    The increase in corn prices is due more to a decline in the supply of corn than to a growth in demand for it.
B.    Generally, farmers who are squeezed out of the livestock business send their livestock to market much earlier than they otherwise would.
C.    Some people who ate meat regularly in the past are converting to diets that include little or no meat.
D.    As meat prices rise, the number of livestock producers is likely to rise again.
E.    Livestock producers who stay in the business will start using feed other than corn more extensively than they did in the past.
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对于某种措施可以达到什么什么的结果，（Plan)
1. 这种措施可以解决问题（白痴点）
2. 文中提出采取某种措施的证据，选项可以支持这种证据，或者是提出新的补充证据 （见T-9-Q28. 天山-7-13 补充选项后可以达到预设的结果见下题）
3. 这种措施不会带来其他意想不到的结果（关键，往往是出题点）
4. Plan对象的可能性（设定的针对对象现实条件中对计划执行的可能性及发展变化的余地）
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选项和证据Premise对应（证明正确）
T-3-Q40.  (证明证据的正确性，实际情况确实如此，两种相异情况下的对比)
Boreal owls range over a much larger area than do other owls of similar size. The reason for this behavior is that the small mammals on which owls feed are especially scarce in the forests where boreal owls live, and the relative scarcity of prey requires the owls to range more extensively to find sufficient food.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to confirm the explanation above?
A.    Some boreal owls range over an area eight times larger than the area over which any other owl of similar size ranges
B.    Boreal owls range over larger areas in regions where food of the sort eaten by small mammals is sparse than they do in regions where such food is abundant.
C.    After their young hatch, boreal owls must hunt more often than before in order to feed both themselves and their newly hatched young
D.    Sometimes individual boreal owls hunt near a single location for many weeks at a time and do not range rather than a few hundred yards.
E.    The boreal owl requires less food, relative to its weight, than is required by members of other owl species.
GWD6-Q14:证明证据的正确性，实际情况确实如此
Political Advertisement:
Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership.  Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?
A.    The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.
B.    Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.
C.    Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.
D.    The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide.(补充证据，此处正面state)
E.    The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.
GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14 找出为什么看起来很好的结果，不能表明实际工作做得好，与principle哪里违背了，反面支持，实际是削弱---（上述进化型难题）
Smithtown University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted.  This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job.  On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base(这是principle，也就是衡量标准).  The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.
 (fund-raisers didn’t constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base)
Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?
A.    Smithtown University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.
B.    This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.
C.    This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.
D.    The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.
E.    More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.
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Plan的结论和证据中的GAP,证明Plan针对的对象设定的可能性
GWD1-Q15:找出结论中和证据中是否有gap，证明可行性
In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children.  In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.  The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed?

A.    The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish.
B.    The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.
C.    There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.
D.    The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.
E.    There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.
GWD-9-Q14:Evaluation of a plan,证明plan可以达到成效
The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.
Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?
A.    The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B.    Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C.    Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.
D.    The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.
E.    The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.
计划的对象有发展变化的可能性
GWD-12-Q11:证明可能性
In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession. (无关，有一点点削弱
B.    During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees. (增强，表明government-funded schools有招收更多学生的可能)
C.    Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.(无关
D.    Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.(无关
E.    During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.(削弱，没有很多能力招收更多学生
 GWD1-Q17:找出gap，添gap,证明可能性
The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance.  Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?
A.    Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.
B.    No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.
C.    The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.
D.    Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.
E.    The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.
T-9-Q28. 天山-7-13 计划实施后，可能性增高，原先的概率确实会变小（关注计划的成效，可以达到预设的结果）
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.
B.    There are no known cases of a human’s contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.
C.    A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.
D.    A single host animal can be the source of bacterium for many tick larvae.
E.    None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans
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调整新的计划不会更贵
T-3-Q13. 会不会同意更换新的方法（不会更贵）
The traditional treatment of strep infections has been a seven-day course of antibiotics, either penicillin or erythromycin. However, since many patients stop taking those drugs within three days, reinfection is common in cases where these drugs are prescribed. A new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment. Therefore, reinfection will probably be less common in cases where the new antibiotic is prescribed than in cases where either penicillin or erythromycin is prescribed.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    Some of people who are allergic to penicillin are likely to be allergic to the new antibiotic.
B.    A course of treatment with the new antibiotic costs about the same as a course of treatment with either penicillin or erythromycin.
C.    The new antibiotic has been shown to be effective in eradicating bacterial infections other than strep.
D.    Some physicians have already begun to prescribe the new antibiotic instead of penicillin or erythromycin for the treatment of some strep infections
E.    Regardless of whether they take a traditional antibiotic or the new one, most patients feel fully recovered after taking the drug for three days.

19: GWD-23-Q1 (本来是要省钱才采取的措施，现在放弃居然原因还是要省钱，所以这个措施肯定是不能省钱的，而是更加的费钱
A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as “medically necessary” by a company-appointed review panel.  The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures.  The company has recently announced that in order to reduce its costs, it will abandon this rule.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the company’s decision?
A.    atients often register dissatisfaction with physicians who prescribe nothing for their ailments.
B.    hysicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the health of the patient.
C.    The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure.
D.    The company’s review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.
E.    The number of members of the company-appointed review panel who review a given procedure depends on the cost of the procedure.
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不采取计划，因为计划会带来意想不到的结果
Q21: GWD-13-31 (计划不会带来其他意向不到的结果)
By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk.  However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans.  Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.
B.    Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.
C.    Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with rodents for seeds.
D.    The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.
E.    The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment.
GWD-9-Q12:指出relunctant的原因（先前的那种计划没有考虑到的不能解决实际问题的可能性，或者引起其他负面影响的可能性）
A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds in such areas.
Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest grounds for the public health officials’ reluctance?
A.    Early exposure to malaria increases the body’s resistance to it and results in a lesser likelihood of severe life-threatening episodes of malaria.
B.    Mosquito bites can transmit to people diseases other than malaria.
C.    Mosquito nets provide protection from some insect pests other than mosquitoes.
D.    Although there are vaccines available for many childhood diseases, no vaccine has been developed that is effective against malaria.
E.    The pesticides that are most effective against mosquitoes in regions where malaria is common have significant detrimental effects on human health.
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计划提出，反击对立方提出的证据或者论证
3. GWD21-Q3 (反击反对方的论证)
Highway Official:  When resurfacing our concrete bridges, we should use electrically conductive concrete (ECC) rather than standard concrete.  In the winter, ECC can be heated by passing an electric current through it, thereby preventing ice buildup.  The cost of the electricity needed is substantially lower than the cost of the deicing salt we currently use.
Taxpayer:  But construction costs for ECC are much higher than for standard concrete, so your proposal is probably not justifiable on economic grounds.
Which of the following, if true, could best be used to support the highway official’s proposal in the face of the taxpayer’s objection?
A.    The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges.
B.    Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored.
C.    In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground.
D.    Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free.
If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form.
T-3-Q24. 针对evidence来找选项，证明反面意见是不必要的
Each year red-winged blackbirds stop in a certain region of Midland Province on their spring and fall migration. In the fall, they eat a significant portion of the province’s sunflower crop. This year Midland farmers sought permits to set out small amounts of poisoned rice during the blackbirds’ spring stop in order to reduce the fall blackbird population. Some residents voiced concern that the rice could threaten certain species of rare migratory birds. Nevertheless, the wildlife agency approved the permits.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the wildlife agency’s approval of the permits, given the concern voiced by some residents?
A.    In the region where the red-winged blackbirds stop, they are the first birds to be present in the spring.
B.    The poison that farmers want to use does not kill birds but rather make them incapable of producing viable eggs.
C.    Since rice is not raised in midland province, few species of birds native to the province normally eat rice.
D.    Without the permit, any farmers shown to have set out poison for the blackbirds would be heavily fined
E.    The poison that farmers got approval to use has no taste or smell that would make it detectable by birds.
对立方的方法无法解决问题（不能解决，或引起其他问题）
GWD3-Q31:承认对立方所列举的方法的可能性，但是指出这个问题的关键不是对立方的方法可能解决的，也就是说对立方方法实施了，导致的结果并不能解决问题，或者是对立方解决了一个问题却引起了另一个问题
Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A.    The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B.    Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C.    The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D.    The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E.    The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.
GWD7-Q14:承认对立方所列举的方法的可能性，但是指出这个问题的关键不是对立方的方法可能解决的，也就是说对立方方法实施了，导致的结果并不能解决问题，或者是对立方解决了一个问题却引起了另一个问题
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality.  Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?
A.    Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B.    Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
C.    Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D.    Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
E.    The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.
同一个计划，之前不能采取，现在可以采取，由于实际情况变化了（不利于原先采取的原因不存在或者改变了）
GWD-12-Q38: (原先结果的原因，发生的变化)
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart.  When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.  A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used.  It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little.  Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
A.    Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
B.    When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
C.    It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
D.    Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
E.    Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
GWD-24-14 (原先结果原因，发生的变化)
In 1983 Argonia’s currency, the argon, underwent a reduction in value relative to the world’s strongest currencies. This reduction resulted in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports over 1982 levels. In 1987 a similar reduction in the value of the argon led to another increase in Argonia’s exports. Faced with the need to increase exports yet again, Argonia’s finance minister has proposed another reduction in the value of the argon.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the finance minister’s plan will not result in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports next year?
A.    The value of the argon rose sharply last year against the world’s strongest currencies.
B.    In 1988 the argon lost a small amount of its value, and Aronian exports rose slightly in 1989.
C.    The value of Argonia’s exports was lower last year than it was the year before.
D.    All of Argonia’s export products are made by factories that were operating at full capacity last year, and new factories would take years to build.
E.    Reductions in the value of the argon have almost always led to significant reductions in the amount of goods and services that Argonians purchase from abroad.
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northface

好帖怎能不顶？！

magic_dodo

感谢分享！