印象很深的是这样子的例子: They uses the tools that include bottle opener.(that 是指bottle opener是tools的一部分，可能是一套工具中的一个)
The uses the tools inclding bottle openner.（bottle opener 这里是工具中的一个元素，但不是部分）
OG10-237的官方解释中曾经提到过两个限制性定语从句的差别，但是前辈们认为不对，于是写信去ETS问，然后EST说这个不是考点，但是我还是在曼哈顿的论坛上看到他对这两者的解释，我觉得很精妙：（直接从我文档上面粘贴下来了哈）
237. It
seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of
planetary nebulas, may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit
each other at close range.
(A)
may be caused by the interaction where two
stars orbit each other
(B)
may be caused by the interaction between two
stars that each orbit the other
(C)
are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit
each other
(D)
are caused by the interaction of two stars
where
each is orbiting the other
(E)
are caused by the interaction of two stars
orbiting
each other
Choice E, the best
answer, avoids redundancy by using are rather than may be,
employs the idiomatic phrase the inter-action of, and expresses the
relationship between the stars in a clear, concise way--two stars orbiting
each other. In A and B, the use of may be is redundant because the
beginning phrase It seems likely that has already established a degree
of uncertainty. In A, the phrase the interaction where two stars orbit each
other is imprecise and illogical, suggesting that the interaction is
a place where the orbiting occurs. Where引导的定语从句在从句中状语，因此导致逻辑明显不合理；In B, the phrase two stars that each orbit the other is both
awkward and needlessly wordy.注意这里的each是形容词，所以orbit不用改成orbits; Choice C can
be faulted because to form a passive
construction, are should take a verb form such as caused rather
than an adverb such as because. Because of 不能做表语，due to 可以做表语（ due to= attributable to=caused by）
Also, the phrase two
stars that orbit each other illogically suggests that there are two
particular stars causing all the phenomena in question, rather than various
sets of stars in various loca-tions. In D, the word where
has no clear or logical referent, and each is orbiting the other is
awkward and unnecessarily wordy; it could be replaced by the clearer and more
concise orbiting each other.
Reply from ETS:
In question 237 in the 10th edition, the use of
the phrase "are because of" is what ultimately makes choice C
incorrect, as described in the explanation. The distinction
between choice C and the correct choice, E, is not a distinction between types
of modifiers, however; both C and E contain restrictive modifiers.
there is
also a VERY subtle difference in meaning here, which is wholly idiomatic.
namely:
if you say "tools that include X", then X is A COMPONENT of
the tools. so, for instance, "tools that include a bottle opener"
means that a bottle opener is one of many attachments. That定语从句指成份被完全包括在前者当中
on the other hand, "tools(,) including X" implies that X is
ONE OF the tools. so, for instance, "tools(,) including a bottle
opener" means that the bottle opener itself is one of the tools in
question. 现在分词表示的其中一个和前者同样性质的东西。
总觉得OG11写的不如10的透彻，于是后来花了一个礼拜狂看OG10,然后自己总结出些东西，但是发现和CD上很多东西不一样（比如代词指代），后来在做PREP的时候，基本都是去这个论坛逛。然后发现原来自己从OG10上总结的东西不是错的，就一点一点建立起自信来了。其实我觉得吃透OG10再做PREP，真的觉得没有什么超过他的范畴的～（不过没做PP的新题分析）
这个论坛偶是很推荐滴（不过就是没有什么对OG的讨论）
对于mindfree，唉，他每次写逻辑都是英文，总是让我的疲劳期提前到来...汗一个。不过他写的读什么，关注什么，不论是逻辑还是阅读，都超有启发性～
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发表于 2009-8-29 18:30:00
