对GWD 1-Q28的答案的质疑

NeilJ

 In Winters v.
                United States

    

       (1908),
the Supreme Court held

    

       that
the right to use waters flow-

    

Line
            ing through or adjacent to the

    

  (5)      Fort
                Berthold Indian
Reservation

    

was reserved to
American Indians

    

by the treaty
establishing the res-

    

ervation.  Although this treaty did

    

not mention
water rights, the Court

    

 (10)     ruled
that the federal government,

    

when it created
the reservation,

    

intended to deal
fairly with

    

American Indians
by preserving

    

for them the
waters without which

    

 (15)      their lands would have been use-

    

less.  Later decisions, citing

    

Winters, established that courts

    

can find federal
rights to reserve

    

water for
particular purposes if

    

 (20)      (1) the land in question lies within

    

       an
enclave under exclusive federal

    

       jurisdiction,
(2) the land has been

    

formally
withdrawn from federal

    

public lands —
i.e., withdrawn from

    

 (25)     the
stock of federal lands avail-

    

able for private
use under federal

    

land use laws —
and set aside or

    

reserved, and
(3) the circum-

    

stances reveal
the government

    

 (30)      intended to reserve water as well

    

as land when
establishing the

    

reservation.

    

             Some American Indian tribes

    

have also
established water rights

    

 (35)      through the courts based on their

    

traditional
diversion and use of

    

certain waters
prior to the United

    

States’
acquisition of sovereignty.

    

For example, the
Rio Grande

    

 (40)      pueblos already existed when the

    

United States acquired sovereignty

    

over New Mexico in 1848.  Although

    

they at that
time became part of the

    

United States, the pueblo lands

    

 (45)      never formally constituted a part

    

of federal
public lands; in any

    

event, no
treaty, statute, or exec-

    

utive order has
ever designated

    

or withdrawn the
pueblos from

    

 (50)      public lands as American Indian

    

reservations.  This fact, how-

    

ever, has not
barred application

    

of the Winters
doctrine. 
                What

    

constitutes an
American Indian

    

 (55)     reservation
is a question of

    

practice, not of
legal definition,

    

and the pueblos
have always

    

been treated as
reservations by

    

the United States.  This pragmatic

    

 (60)     approach
is buttressed by Arizona

    

v. California
            (1963),
wherein the

    

Supreme Court
indicated that the

    

manner in which
any type of federal

    

reservation is
created does not

    

 (65)     affect
the application to it of the

    

Winters doctrine.  Therefore, the

    

reserved water
rights of Pueblo

    

Indians have
priority over other

    

citizens’ water
rights as of 1848,

    

 (70)     the
year in which pueblos must

    

be considered to
have become

    

reservations.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

        

             

        

            
1. trace the development of laws establishing American Indian
        reservations

            
2. explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian
        tribes

            
3. question the legal criteria often used to determine the water
        rights of American Indian tribes

            
4. discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the
        federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians

            
5. point out a legal distinction between different types of
        American Indian reservations

NeilJ

作者在红线处的观点很明确的说水权的归属问题的关键不在于政府的立法 还是在于法律的现实中的施行 请问根据这个 大家觉得哪个答案对 GWD的是B 但是原文作者强调的显然不是legal basis 而是pragmatic approach

houzhongxu

以下是引用NeilJ在2009-6-4 10:11:00的发言：
作者在红线处的观点很明确的说水权的归属问题的关键不在于政府的立法 还是在于法律的现实中的施行 请问根据这个 大家觉得哪个答案对 GWD的是B 但是原文作者强调的显然不是legal basis 而是pragmatic approach

考场上您总得选一个吧？您觉得哪个好？

NeilJ

question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes