这周阅读做了16篇GWD，觉得下面这篇属于难的，因此把我的详细分析贴出来分享，主要句子、每道题的每个选项都有详细解释。（觉得之前翻译的版本不是让人理解的很透彻，因此我重新翻译了这篇，觉得自己明白多了。）There is no consensus among 什么算是P。 researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone.
While most Line agree on a basic definition of pheromones (5) as chemicals released by one individual P的基础定义：散发后被同类感受到， of a species which, when detected by 引发对方行为上或生理上的反应 another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify (10) that the response to pheromones must be 对P的反应必须是无意识的。 unconscious. In addition, the distinction between pheromones and odorants— O是有意识的被感知到的 chemicals that are consciously detected P、O之间的区别很模糊， as odors---can be blurry, and
some
一些研究者把P归为O (15) researchers
classify pheromones as a
type of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor P是无意识地被感知的
证据来自于发现： perception comes from the finding that in P被
附属嗅觉系统
传输 many species, pheromones are processed 该系统利用鼻子里的特殊结构VNO (20) by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) 来接受化学信号 system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), to receive chemical signals. The neural 鼻子里的VNO和大脑之间的神经链接 connections between the VNO and the 与主嗅觉系统的神经链接是分开的 (25) brain are separate from those of the main 主嗅觉系统的神经链接处理O olfactory system, whose processing of 从而触发对嗅觉的感知 odorants triggers sensations of smell. But 但也有例外， while the VNO does process many animal 一些动物的P通过VNO处理 pheromone signals, not all animal phero- 但并不是所有动物的P通过VNO处理 (30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely, 反过来，并非所有通过VNO not all chemical signals transmitted via the 传递的化学信号就是P。 VNO quality as pheromones. For example, garter snakes detect a chemical signal from 例如，蛇通过VNO察觉来自蚯蚓 earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via 的化学信号，以此来追踪猎物 (35) the VNO, and they use this signal to track （这个化学信号并不属于P） their prey. 这篇文章的主题比较隐藏，要仔细看。
While most agree先介绍公认的基本定义。Some specify接着提出部分人认为无意识的才算，这些人的证据是什么。But后面都在分析和举例反驳这些人的证据，说明并非必须是无意识的。
----------------------------------------- Q7 It can be inferred from the passage that in classifying pheromones as a type of odorant, the researchers referred to in line 15 posit that A. pheromones are perceived consciously In addition, the distinction between pheromones and odorants— chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as a type of odorant. O定位为：被有意识地感知的。但P,O之间区别模糊，some researchers 把P归为O的一种。 那就暗示：这些人认为P也是可以“被有意识地感知的”。
B. most pheromones are processed by the VNO VNO是后面的内容 C. most chemical signals processed by the VNO are pheromones VNO是后面的内容。 D. Pheromone perception does not occur exclusively between members of the same species. 与in classifying pheromones as a type of odorant 的内容无关； 并且，P的背景信息说P是同种之间的信息感知，这里还说反了，写成了does not occur exclusively。 E. pheromones do not always elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response 与in classifying pheromones as a type of odorant 的内容无关；P是能引发同类的行为上或心理上的反应的，这里说反了。
infer的题目一定要注意上下文。 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Q8 According to the passage, the fact that pheromones are processed by the VNO in many animal species has been taken as evidence of which of the following? A. The accessory and main olfactory systems are not separate 文章没有谈到两种嗅觉系统是否分开，只说道它们各自的神经链接是分开的，原文如下： The neural connections between the VNO and the brain are separate from those of the main olfactory system
B. Odorants and pheromones are not distinct types of chemicals. 文章前面部分的内容，与VNO无关； C. Odorants and pheromones both elicit a specific behavioral response. 文章前面部分的内容，与VNO无关；
D. Pheromones do not trigger conscious sensations of smell. 原文的改写：Evidence
that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), to receive chemical signals.
E. Pheromones aid animals in tracking prey. 最后一部分的内容，无关。而且是反驳说
并不是所有经过VNO的信号都是P。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q9 难题！ The primary purpose of the passage is to A. compare and contrast the ways in which the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory systern process chemicals. B. summarize the debate over the role the vomeronasal organ plays in odor perception C. present some of the issues involved in the debate over what constitutes a pheromone
迷惑选项，但
what constitutes a pheromone
的内容，文章没有谈到过。 这道题目很容易误选了C，但是C后面的what constitutes a pheromone的“constitute构成”这个动词不对，这方面的内容是文章从来没有提过的。
D. propose a new definition of pheromones based on recent research
文章只在开头提到P的定义a basic definition of pheromones，然后说P,O之间的差别很模糊，有人把P归为O。
但文章并没有给P提出一个new definition。只是谈论P的归属classify 。
E. argue that pheromones should be classified as a type of odorant 这题很难，要从文章整体行文结构来看。 我第一次也做错了，觉得E是some researchers 的看法，不能代表作者的观点啊？！ 因此，要从整体来分析： 注意文章后面的内容，一直是but, Conversely,所以在行文结构上，对“P是无意识被感知的，所以和O有差别”是质疑的， 因为作者说了：但并不是所有动物的P通过VNO处理 （暗含的意识就是：你说VNO没有感知到，所以就是P，
那不一定啊，如果对方的信号都不通过VNO感知，你怎么知道传输出去的信号不会通过对方的其他的某种XXO来感知到呢？你如何判断对方是无意识还是有意识地接受你发出的信号的？）； 再说并非所有通过VNO传递的化学信号就是P，VNO传递的还有
非P的化学信号。 | 
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发表于 2009-5-6 00:36:00
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