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请问LZ，美国前六位总统和之后的总统在一些政策上的差别是PREP中的么？ In a new book about the antiparty feeling of the early political leaders of the United States, Ralph Ketcham argues that the
first six Presidents differed decisively from later Presidents because the
first six held values inherited from the classical humanist tradition of
eighteenth-century England.
In this view, government was designed not to satisfy the private desires of the
people but to make them better citizens; this tradition stressed the
disinterested devotion of political leaders to the public good. Justice, wisdom, and courage were more
important qualities in a leader than the ability to organize voters and win
elections. Indeed, leaders were supposed
to be called to office rather than to run for office. And if they took up the burdens of public
office with a sense of duty, leaders also believed that such offices were
naturally their due because of their social preeminence or their contributions
to the country. Given this classical
conception of leadership, it is not surprising that the first six Presidents
condemned political parties. Parties
were partial by definition, self-interested, and therefore serving something
other than the transcendent public good. Even during the first presidency (Washington's),
however, the classical conception of virtuous leadership was being undermined
by commercial forces that had been gathering since at least the beginning of
the eighteenth century. Commerce--its
profit-making, its self-interestedness, its individualism--became the enemy of
these classical ideals. Although Ketcham
does not picture the struggle in quite this way, he does rightly see Jackson's tenure (the
seventh presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party, commerce,
and individualism. For the Jacksonians,
nonpartisanship lost its relevance, and under the direction of Van Buren, party
gained a new legitimacy. The classical
ideals of the first six Presidents became identified with a privileged
aristocracy, an aristocracy that had to be overcome in order to allow
competition between opposing political interests. Ketcham is so strongly committed to
justifying the classical ideals, however, that he underestimates the advantages
of their decline. For example, the
classical conception of leadership was incompatible with our modern notion of
the freedoms of speech and press, freedoms intimately associated with the
legitimacy of opposing political parties.
Q6.
p1-rc Question#29. 148-01 (22595-!-item-!-188;#058&000148-01) The passage is primarily concerned with (A)describing and comparing two theories about the early history of the United States (B)describing and analyzing an argument about the early history of the United States
(C)discussing new evidence that qualifies a theory about the early history of the United States
(D)refuting a theory about political leadership in the United States (E)resolving an ambiguity in an argument about political leadership in the United States
Q7. p1-rc Question
#30. 148-02 (22641-!-item-!-188;#058&000148-02) According to the passage, the author and Ketcham agree on which of the following points? (A)The first six Presidents held the same ideas about political parties as did
later Presidents in the United States. (B)Classical ideals supported the growth of commercial forces in the United States. (C)The first political parties in the United States were formed during Van Buren's term in office. (D)The first six Presidents placed great emphasis on individualism and civil rights. (E)Widespread acceptance of political parties occurred during Andrew Jackson's presidency. Q8. p1-rc Question
#31. 148-03 (22687-!-item-!-188;#058&000148-03) It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree
that modern views of the freedoms of speech and press are (A)values closely associated with the beliefs of the aristocracy of the early United States (B)political rights less compatible with democracy and individualism than with
classical ideals (C)political rights uninfluenced by the formation of opposing political parties (D)values not inherent in the classical humanist tradition of eighteenth-century England (E)values whose interpretation would have been agreed on by all United States
Presidents Q9. p1-rc Question
#32. 148-04 (22733-!-item-!-188;#058&000148-04) Which of the following, if true, provides the LEAST support for the author's argument
about commerce and political parties during Jackson's presidency? (A)Many supporters of Jackson
resisted the commercialization that could result from participation in a
national economy. (B)Protest against the corrupt and partisan nature of political parties in the United States subsided during Jackson's presidency. (C)During Jackson's presidency the use of money became more common than bartering of goods and
services. (D)More northerners than southerners supported Jackson because southerners were opposed to
the development of a commercial economy. (E)Andrew Jackson did not feel as strongly committed to the classical ideals of
leadership as George Washington had felt.
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发表于 2009-3-7 23:32:00
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