一月阅读基金老牛整理贴（50篇！！）大家都来搜原文！

ljrider

老牛，这个月没有人整理SC哦?

pkngrs

2月2号考，希望牛牛能带来好运！！感谢牛牛~~

pkngrs

不好意思想牛牛请问一下下，每个月大概搜集多少篇的阅读机经算是比较够用了呢？？

胡小鱼

先把我自己复习时候翻译的两个背景资料传给搂主~

一、机械钟的背景资料

The Shortt clock had two pendulums. The first, known as the master（主动摆）, swung摇摆 freely in an evacuated case. Its only job was to synchronize校准；使时间一致 the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave（从摆）, which was housed in a neighboring cabinet. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge轻触 to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of step.

Shorrt有两个钟摆，主动摆和从摆。主动摆在一个evacuated case里，负责对从摆校准。从摆在旁边的一个盒子里，每30秒触主动摆一次。然后主动摆同过一个精密的机电连接器确认反作用从摆，使其步调一致。

Shortt clocks were standard provision in astronomical observatories of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation were gleaned by the use of Shortt clocks.

Shortt在1920-1930年间被用于天体观测，且以其时间精准性而著称（每天与真实时间误差小于2毫秒）。经记载其一年误差不超过一秒——精准到1/30m。早期的地球旋转的季节性变动的征兆，就是在使用Shortt的过程中一点一点收集起来的。

In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval Observatory since 1932. Using the modern optical sensing equipment instead of the electromechanical coupling, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing the distortion of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.

1984年PB对一个幸存的Shortt（自1932年US Naval Observatory曾使用的）做了研究。他用光学测定设备代替机电连接器，比对观测站的原子表记录了一个月的数据。发现在此期间，该表每天误差保持在200微秒之内，也就是精确到了2或3/1b。而且数据还显示，Shortt对由于月日交替产生的潮汐造成的地球转动的偏差也有感知。（能测量出来）

胡小鱼

二、微动眼的背景资料

Microsaccades are a kind of fixational eye movement. They are small, jerk-like类似痉挛的, involuntary非自主性 eye movements, similar to miniature versions of voluntary saccades. They typically occur during prolonged visual fixation (of at least several seconds), not only in humans, but also in animals with foveal vision (primates, cats, etc.). Microsaccade amplitudes vary from 2 to 120 arc-minutes.

微动眼属于固定性眼部运动，是非自主性的，很微小，通常出现于长时间固定视觉时，人和一些动物都有。振幅。

The role of microsaccades in visual perception has been a highly debated topic which is still largely unresolved. It has been proposed that microsaccades correct displacements in eye position produced by drifts, although non-corrective microsaccades also occur. Microsaccades were also believed to prevent the retinal image from fading, but they do not occur often enough for that purpose, considering that perfectly stabilized images can disappear from perception in a few seconds or less. The current consensus is that all fixational eye movements are important for the maintenance of visibility.

关于M对视觉的作用一直未有定论。一观点认为M行为纠正了移动目光造成的定位偏差，（although）但仍有些不属于纠正性的M行为也出现着。另一观点认为，M是为了防止眼膜图像fading，但要是为此目的，M的频率还达不到，因为固定的图像比到几秒钟就会fading。目前能达成一致的就是，固定性眼部运动（包括微动眼）是对维持视力有帮助的。

Experiments in neurophysiology from different laboratories showed that fixational eye movements, particularly microsaccades, strongly modulate the activity of neurons in the visual areas of the macaque brain. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the primary visual cortex (V1), microsaccades can move a stationary stimulus in and out of a neuron's receptive field, thereby producing transient neural responses. Microsaccades might account for much of the response variability of neurons in visual area V1 of the awake monkey.

不同实验表明，固定性眼部运动，尤其是M，极大的调节了猕猴脑部视觉神经的活跃性。在LGN和V1（主视觉皮层）里，M将一个固定的刺激物移进或移出神经元接收场所，从而产生瞬间性神经反应。M可能就是醒着的猕猴V1区神经元反应变动的原因。

Current research in visual neuroscience and psychophysics is investigating how microsaccades relate to fixation correction, control of binocular fixation disparity and attentional shifts. Recent research has found a direct correlation between illusory motion and microsaccades.

目前神经系统和物理学的研究致力于查清M与纠正定位、控制双目不同定位和刻意的移动目光的关系。最近的研究已经发现了illusory motion和M的直接关系。

胡小鱼

再有给LZ补充几个内容~~

一、人类进化那篇
        如果和直立行走确定为一篇，应该就是GWD原题，题目可能略有不同GWD-31-Q20-Q23 人直立行走

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity. But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.
                

 

Walking on two legs in an upright posture (bipedal locomotion) is a less efficient proposition than walking on all fours (quadrupedal locomotion) because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion must instead to (?) provide the biped with stability and control. The shape and configuration of various bones must likewise be modified to allow the muscles to perform these functions in upright walking. Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of “Lucy”, a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which (?) evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant. By contrast, the head of Lucy’s baby could have been no larger than that of a baby chimpanzee.

 

If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? (Line 50) One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring. Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.

 

人类学家曾认为现代人类祖先大脑进化，两手使用工具，从而直立行走。但

南方古猿化石显示直立行走在大脑快速扩大和工具发展前就出现了。

对肌肉组织的不同要求使直立行走的效率比四肢行走低。化石与现代人骨相

似，化石又宽又浅的骨盆更适于直立行走，且表明她生的婴儿的头只有小猩猩

大小。

直立行走为非工具制造者人猿带来的好处是，爸爸可以用手在远处采集搬运食

物给照顾婴儿的妈妈。直立行走可能早在一千万年前就出现，推动了人类进化。

 

20: the passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?

A: development of a nuclear family structure

B: transition from walking on all fours to walking upright

C: dramatic enlargement of the brain
                    

D: use of the hands to gather and carry food

E: modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion

A,B,D,E,都是和直立行走有关的，这个理论认为直立行走早于用工具和大脑的发展。

 

21: the passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are

A: less well adapted to large group cooperation

B: less well adapted to walking upright
                    

C: more agile in running and climbing

D: more well suited to a nuclear family structure

E: more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring

Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human

 

22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?

A: brain size

B: tool making ability

C: shape of the pelvis

D: method of locomotion

E: preference for certain foods

 

23: the primary purpose of the passage is to

A: present an interpretation of the chronological relationship between bipedal locomotion and certain other key aspects of human evolution
                    

B: compare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of bipedal locomotion to those of quadrupedal locomotion

C: argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a more crucial step in human evolution than was the development of stone tools

D: analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the large brain of modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believed

E: use examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the evolutionary differences between modern humans, australopithecines, and chimpanzees

文章最中心就是在讨论直立行走的问题。

胡小鱼

二、第三十三篇：好像是什么homewoker的运动了（什么咚咚？）

 

文章的意思好像是说这种运动并没有前面学者说的那么有影响力。

对了，是和妇女地位联系在一起的。

我看意思也像GWD里的

 

1.        GWD-18-Q3-Q5 电器产品未能把妇女从家庭杂役中解放出来

The idea that equipping homes           以前观点：家电让妇女脱离杂

       with electrical appliances and other          役，节约劳动时间。

       “modern” household technologies

Line
                would eliminate drudgery, save labor

  (5)      time, and increase leisure for women

who were full-time home workers

remained largely unchallenged until       但1970’s的妇女运动导致一项

the women’s movement of the 1970’s      研究，发现电器让某些差事不

spawned the groundbreaking and          那么费劲，但并不能减少全职

 (10)      influential works of sociologist Joann     家庭成员的工作时间。

Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan.

Vanek analyzed 40 years of time-

use surveys conducted by home

economists to argue that electrical

 (15)      appliances and other modern house-

hold technologies reduced the effort

required to perform specific tasks,

but ownership of these appliances did

not correlate with less time spent on

 (20)      housework by full-time home workers.

       In fact, time spent by these workers

       remained remarkably constant―at           （数据支持）

about 52 to 54 hours per week―from

the 1920’s to the 1960’s, a period

 (25)      of significant change in household

technology.  In surveying two

centuries of household technology

in the United States, Cowan argued

that the “industrialization” of the home

 (30)      often resulted in more work for full-time

home workers because the use of

such devices as coal stoves, water

       pumps, and vacuum cleaners tended

to reduce the workload of married-

 (35)     women’s helpers (husbands, sons,

daughters, and servants) while           电器反而更使家务活的标准更

promoting a more rigorous standard       严格。

of housework.  The full-time home      全职家务转而包含更多管理，儿

worker’s duties also shifted to include     童照顾，二战后更出现“妈妈的

 (40)      more household management, child      士“的现象。

care, and the post-Second World War

phenomenon of being “Mom’s taxi.”

大意就是说家用电器的使用没有减少家庭妇女的劳动时间

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q3:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the idea mentioned in line 1?

             

1. It has been undermined by data found in time-use surveys conducted by home economists.

2. It was based on a definition of housework that was explicitly rejected by Vanek and Cowan.
3. It is more valid for the time period studied by Cowan than for the time period studied by Vanek.
4. It is based on an underestimation of the time that married women spent on housework prior to the industrialization of the household.
5. It inaccurately suggested that new household technologies would reduce the effort required to perform housework.

40 years of time-use surveys conducted by home
        economists to argue that electrical
        appliances and other modern house-hold technologies reduced the effort
        required to perform specific tasks,
        but ownership of these appliances did

not correlate with less time spent on
        housework by full-time home workers.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q4:

The passage is primarily concerned with

             

1. analyzing a debate between two scholars
2. challenging the evidence on which a new theory is based
3. describing how certain scholars’ work countered a prevailing view

4. presenting the research used to support a traditional theory
5. evaluating the methodology used to study a particular issue

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q5:

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 21-26 (“In fact, time … in household technology”)?

             

1. It offers an alternative interpretation of a phenomenon described in the previous sentence (lines 12-20).
2. It provides the specific evidence on which an argument described in the previous sentence (lines 12-20) is based.

3. It shifts the focus of the argument developed earlier in the passage.
4. It introduces evidence that has not been taken into account by Vanek and Cowan.
5. It introduces a topic for discussion that will be developed in the rest of the passage.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QX:

The passage suggests that Vanek and Cowan would agree that modernizing household technology did not

 

1. reduce the workload of servants and other household helpers
2. raise the standard of housework that women who were full-time home workers set for themselves
3. decrease the effort required to perform household tasks
4. reduce the time spent on housework by women who were full-time home workers

5. result in a savings of money used for household maintenance

胡小鱼

还有第一篇，黑人问题。虽然不是原文，但和GWD一篇思路很像，都是讨论一个理论最初没有被接受的原因。仔细分析出题思路也比较像，可以参考一下。

1.        GWD-12-Q24 -Q27瓦格勒大陆漂移说在问世之初不被接受的原因

     Years before the advent of plate             板块构造论-1960’s中发展的被广泛

       tectonics― the widely accepted theory,
                  接受的理论，认为地表的主要特征是

       developed in the mid-1960’s, the holds       由地球外壳即岩石圈的水平运动造成

Line       that the major features of Earth’s surface     的-出现的数年前，一种类似的理论被

  (5)      are created by the horizontal motions     地质界所排斥。

of Earth’s outer shell, or lithosphere―

a similar theory was rejected by the

geological community.  In 1912, Alfred           在1912年，AW提出一个受广泛争

Wegener proposed, in a widely debated           议的理论，成为大陆漂移，即地球

 (10)      theory that came to be called continental
        的大陆是移动的。

drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile.

To most geologists today, Wegener’s             对今天大多数地质学家来说，AW的

The origin of Continents and Oceans            《大陆与海洋根源》是一份重大的预

appears an impressive and prescient             见性的文档，它包括了板块构造论数

 (15)      document, containing several of the      个基本的前提：地壳块的水平移动

essential presumptions underlying plate           性；海洋外壳和大陆外壳的基本区

tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility            别；水平位移与山脉形成的偶然联

of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential            系。

difference between oceanic and conti-

 (20)      nental crust; and a causal connection

       between horizontal displacements and

       the formation of mountain chains.  Yet       但是尽管AW的理念和后来被广泛接

despite the considerable overlap                  纳的板块构造论存在可观的重叠，

between Wegener’s concepts and the

 (25)      later widely embraced plate tectonics

theory, and despite the fact that conti-             尽管那时现有的对山起源的解释十分

nental drift theory presented a possible           站不住脚，该理论为此提供了可能的答

solution to the problem of the origin of            案，

mountains at a time when existing expla-

 (30)      nations were seriously in doubt, in its     AW的理论在当时受到大量地质学家的

day Wegener’s theory was rejected              排斥。

by the vast majority of geologists. AW的理论遭到怀疑

             Most geologists and many historians   今天大部分地质学家和历史学家认为

today believe that Wegener’s theory               AW理论被反对是因其缺乏充足的机

 (35)      was rejected because of its lack of an     械基础。

adequate mechanical basis.  Stephen             例如SJG说大陆漂移被反对是因为它

Jay Gould, for example, argues that                没有解释大陆如何在明显固体的海床

continental drift theory was rejected                上移动。

because it did not explain how continents

 (40)      could move through an apparently solid

oceanic floor.  However, as Anthony              但是，正如AH指出，很多科学现象

Hallam has pointed out, many scientific             如冰期在被完全解释前就被接受了。

phenomena, such as the ice ages, have

been accepted before they could be fully

 (45)      explained.  The most likely cause for the  遭到反对的最大原因-一个由于我们

rejection of continental drift―a cause               认为AW理论得到板块构造验证，而

that has been largely ignored because              被大大忽视的原因-是论据本身的性

we consider Wegener’s theory to have              质。

been validated by the theory of plate

 (50)      tectonics―is the nature of the evidence

that was put forward to support it.  Most            AW的大部分证据由同类构成-基于

of Wegener’s evidence consisted of                 野外对岩石直接观察的类型和形式

homologies—similarities of patterns and             的相似性，这些是通过锤子、手持

forms based on direct observations of               透镜和野外记录获得的。

 (55)      rocks in the field, supported by the use

of hammers, hand lenses, and field note-

books.  In contrast, the data supporting            相比之下，支持板块构造的数据是

plate tectonics were impressively                    极为地球物理学的-通过地震仪、磁

geophysical—instrumental determinations           力计和计算机得出的地球物理属性

 (60)      of the physical properties of Earth gar-      的工具性结论。

nered through the use of seismographs,

magnetometers, and computers.被怀疑的原因

现象解释

逻辑简图：

1P:  before T- widely accepted theory, 1912 AW’ theory(continental drift) was rejected. Today W’ theory essential assumptions(+)…. Yet , despite the overlap and fact, was rejected in its day.

2P: most believe rejected because…..for example, however….. the most likely cause for…. Most evidence… in contrast….

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q24:

The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

 

A.     provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today

B.     criticize the geological community for an apparent lack of consistency in its responses to new theories

C.     offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day注意二段首句

D.     give an example of a modern scientist who believes that Wegener’s theory was rejected because it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis of continental drift不是作者赞同的观点
        大错特错

E.     support Gould’s rationale for why Wegener’s theory was rejected by most geologists in the early twentieth century反

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q25:

The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

 

1. suggest that plate tectonics theory is derived from Wegener’s work

2. introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories

3. examine the question of whether continental drift theory was innovative in its time

4. provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists注意作者态度

5. cite an explanation that has been frequently offered for Wegener’s high standing among geologists today

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q26:

The author of the passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the geological community’s response to continental drift theory in its day was that the theory

 

A.     was in conflict with certain aspects of plate tectonics theory反

B.     failed to account for how mountains were formed

C.     did not adequately explain how continents moved through the ocean floor

D.     was contradicted by the geophysical data of the time

E.     was based on a kind of evidence that was considered insufficiently convincing

The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift―a cause that has been largely ignored because we consider Wegener’s theory to have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics―is the nature of the evidence that was put forward to support it. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q27:

It can be inferred from the passage that geologists today would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans?

 

A.     It was a worthy scientific effort that was ahead of its time.是和t理论类似的理论，所以文中对t的态度即是对w的态度，并且w走在时代前面

B.     It was based on evidence that was later disproved.

C.     It was directly responsible for the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.

D.     It has been disproved by continental drift theory.

E.     It misrepresented how horizontal displacements cause the formation of mountain chains.

QX:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

1. trace the evolution of a scientific theory from its roots in the early twentieth century

2. present two different explanations for a geologic phenomenon and compare their merits

3. discuss the reception of a scientific theory and offer an explanation for its rejection

4. challenge a traditional explanation for a geologic phenomenon

5. explain the mechanical basis of certain geologic phenomena

胡小鱼

还有LZ整理的一丢丢小问题，一个史前农业对经济影响的题LZ给混到俄国女性杂志的后面了啦~~

 

我2月4日考，这些天都拜托各位的成果了呢~~呵呵~楼主辛苦了！！~~

linlang

胡小鱼 谢谢你找出的文章^^