我把Wiki的部分整理了一下。上传好了。 这里再贴一边吧。防止下载不行。 比较长…… Charles Reznikoff 几经部分: 第一段將一個Reznikoff的作家編了一本叫testimony的雜志,這個雜志主要鼓吹的是objectivenism,也就是客觀主義,它和浪漫主義——1個20世紀初由T.S.Eliot和愛茲拉龐德(兩位大牛啊)復興,起源于文藝復興時代,由華茲華斯(wordworth)和shelly首倡的一種思潮。(此處有題考Reznikoff和shelly的關系,讓在五個選項中選一個analogous的),然后還有一些客觀主義自己的主張什么的。第二段講這個作家在1960年代之后一直繼續創作這個Testimony的雜志直到死(也有考題問他后來都干了什么)第三段講他詩作中引用了許多19世紀歐洲法庭的庭辯和證言,這些舉動都是十分新穎的,因為他引入了一些人們原來覺得不能引入的元素(即法庭證言)。他創作的獨特性不僅在于首次引用了法庭和司法的語言,還在于他把詩歌從一種原先認為是private的,與世隔絕,不沾染俗世的文學體裁,變成了一種完全寫實,以社會事件為依據的文學體裁。第四段將了他的這種題材也可以表現出情感,而且通過表達法庭的攻辯,把律師的語言帶入文學,賦予其感染力(個人感覺比較像左拉的自然主義)。還有幾道題是問inference作者持什么態度的,和文章中Reznikoff與客觀主義有關 Wiki部分:(我只贴了有关的部分)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reznikoff Charles Reznikoff (August 31, 1894 - January 22, 1976) was the poet for whom the term Objectivist was first coined. (可以看出他对这个体裁的共享很大,所以作者无论多少转折,态度应该都是正的) Reznikoff was born in a Jewish ghetto in Brooklyn, New York of Russian parents. After a year studying journalism, he entered the law school of New York University in 1912 and graduated in 1916. He practiced law briefly and entered officer training school in 1918, but failed to see active service before the end of the war. Reznikoff worked for a time for his family's business as a hat salesman. He then worked for a legal publishing house where he wrote summaries of court records for legal reference books. This experience was to prove important for his later writing. From his teens, Reznikoff had been writing poetry, much of it influenced by the Imagists, and publishing it using a second-hand press, for which he set the type himself. Throughout his writing life, Reznikoff was always concerned to ensure that his work was published, even at his own expense. This appears to have been inspired by a family story of his grandfather, an unpublished Hebrew poet whose manuscripts were destroyed after his death. (这是他的生平,说明他一声都在致力这个直到死,而且与他先前的经历有关。考到一道题就是问作者infer什么,我选了testimony是个长期工作。看了这段,选项里有个说他以前当过XX职业的选项很快就可以排除,都不需要回原文定位。) Reznikoff had had some success with his 1930 novel By the Waters of Manhattan, and the new press published three titles by him, two that gathered together previously self-published work and the third a first installment of a long work called Testimony. Testimony was, initially, a prose retelling of stories that Reznikoff had discovered while working on court records. In these stories, Reznikoff discovered something of the story of America between 1855 and 1915 both in its diversity and its violence. Tellingly, he chose to omit the judgements, focusing on the stories themselves. He aimed to present the stories in as near as possible the words of the participants, and the result was a poetry almost entirely stripped of metaphor and of authorial personality and emotion. In this sense, Testimony can be read as the great monument of Objectivist poetry. (testimony到底是什么 就是没有修辞没有emotion。有道题考到了。我选的是表现出文章的emotion without giving author emotion. ) 有一题考了他与shelly的关系。文章很清楚是相反的关系。R这帮子人不同意Shelly这帮子人的浪漫主义。(注意是一帮子人,因为有迷惑选项是单独的人)shelly可以参考:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley |