GWD-12-Q6 to Q7，真的不明白

笨笨可可

The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.  Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

郁闷，这文章一错就是2个。。到现在也找不到为什么错？

GWD-12-Q6:

The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to

             

1. choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
2. unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions无关

3. bind together information about different aspects of a single past event

showing that they retain
                information about the what, the where,
                and the when. 

4. reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly反

5. distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event无关

我选C理由是：

; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together；

但是答案是A，我不知道怎么回事？

那句话能说明答案是A？

 

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GWD-12-Q7:

It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

 

A.     Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.否则最后就不会说C acknowledged….

B.     Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.

C.     The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.无关

D.     Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.

E.     The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

这题我选B，答案是A，我选B的理由是因为动物不能reexperience ,那么人类应该有的把？

cecila

这个实验总的目的C这个人要反驳T这个人关于EM只有人类有这一观点。

而然他并未太成功，他只能证明到鸟类有E-like M,未能证明到鸟类有EM，因为鸟类具体怎样想的通过观察试验是无法知道的（我记得后面GWD里有一题是专门讲这个的）

所以B选项里关于鸟类是否reexperience这件事C和T的观点不一致，T肯定认为没有啦，而C的态度是他不能证明，不能证明不代表他认为无，而很可能是他坚定的认为有只是暂时无法证明而已。