讲义61. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend less time with each.
(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend
(B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending
(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and spending
第一步，看平行。这一题的平行，先看划线内。
A.
imposing…and requiring…to do A, and do B.结构没问题。To see…and (to) spend, 这里可以省略to的可能。
B.
imposing, requiring…to see, and spending. 结构没问题。可以是三个ing平行，require to do也正常。
C.
impose…require…to see, and spend, 结构没问题。可以是三个动词原型，require to do也对。
D.
impose…and require…to see, spending, 结构没问题。Impose和require构成平行，spending在外面，这从结构上来看是可以的。
E.
impose…requiring to see and spending, 结构没问题。这里是requiring和spending平行。
到了这里，考点默默地从考语法结构转移到了考逻辑思维。
看看动词的发出者是谁。impose只能是plans发出的，require也同样只能是plans发出的。另外to see more patients和spend less time with each是doctors发出的。（没有为什么，逻辑常识，想不通的，慢慢琢磨）。
所以impose和plan必须结构平行，see和spend也必须机构平行。正确答案需要符合这两对平行关系。选A。
注意比如C当中，impose…, require…不能算这两者平行，因为中间缺少平行的基本条件and。
这种题显现了GMAT的出题方向。形式结构上，一点问题都没有。换而言之，英语好的人如果通过语法分析不怎么能占便宜。考点着重在思维考察，那么思维严谨的人，在考试中就能脱颖而出。在这种考题中，谁做的动作，特别重要。这种题目可以背下来，培养语感。
题外话：第一阶段的训练到此结束。跟动词有关的全部到点，到此为止。重温一下。
第一阶段，就是围绕and。
1. 两个动词之间有and，他俩就得长一样。（形式一致）
2. 要结束并列，就得用and。
3. 如果用了and，并列就结束。
三句话，概括了全部and的用法。
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以下开始对平行结构的推广，不局限于动词，但要用and的题。不用动词，也可以考平行结构。
同样运用and的三句话来杀题。
26.
Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land. (A) water as a
(B) water as to a
(C) water; just as it would to a
(D) water, as it would to the
(E) water; just as to the
这里没有and，但一样是平行。因为句子中出现了the same，那么整句肯定要出现the same…as…。另外根据and的三句话，the same和as后面的形式必须是一致的。答案显然是B。
同理，如果句子中出现了not only, 那么肯定要有but also。还有either…or…., neither…nor…。
35.
Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found the local witnesses are difficult to
locate, reticent, and are suspicious of strangers.
(A）the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(B) local witnesses to be difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(C) that local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and
(D) local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
(E) that local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
这里的陷阱是让考生以为是locate，reticent, and are suspicious并列。就算不知道reticent是形容词，误以为是动词，也不可能locate，reticent是动词，然后跟are suspicious形容词并列。反思一下就知道了。
考点是difficult，reticent， and suspicious 三个形容词的并列。
A，错。如果要and are在句尾，那么为了平行，就必须三个形容词前面都要有are。Reticent前没有，错。
B
错。同理如上。
C
结构没错。
D difficult和reticent中间出现and，并列结束。are suspicious前面多了they。这they可以指代的东西就多了，witness，authorities。会出现歧义，所以错。
E，错。同理如上。
答案是C。
还有一个解题思路，就是根据“三荣三耻”中的第一荣：从句中，that一定要有。没有就错。划线前面是 have found，竖着一比选项，发现A和D是句子，但没有that作为从句的开头，杀。B不是从句，杀（have found local witness to be adj, adj, and are adj…, 绝对错误，主谓宾不齐，不是句子）。
然后开比C和E两个that从句，胜负就很容易了（E后面的they，多此一举，指代不清）。
无论考生先从哪个角度发现问题，只要对题目能宏观看待，不要拘泥于不认识的单词，达到快速做题的目的，就可以。
47. By providing such services as mortgages, home improvement loans, automobile loans, financial
advice, and staying within the metropolitan areas, Acme Bank has become one of the most profitable savings banks in the nation.
(A) financial advice, and staying
(B) financial advice, and by staying
(C) and financial advice, staying
(D) and financial advice, and staying and
(E) and financial advice, and by staying
看划线内,financial advice和staying之间有and，往前后一看，前面是mortgages, improvement loads, automobile loads,名词平行, financial advice是名词，要与前面那些都平行。
Staying是动词ing，不能与名词平行，要与远远的句子开头的By providing平行。
句子中有名词平行和动词ing平行的双层结构，所以需要两个and来完成。杀只有一个and的A，B和C。
开比D和E，要不要by呢？在前面利率of interest rate一题中就有提及过这个观念。对称，就要极致！前面有by，后面也要有by。避免歧义。
112. The Federal Reserve Board's reduction of interest
rates on loans to financial institutions is both an
acknowledgment of past economic trends and an
effort to influence their future direction.
(A)
reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an acknowledgment of past economic trends and an effort （B） reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgment both of past economic trends as well as an effort
(C)
reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic trends and attempt
(D)
reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgment both of past economic trends and an effort (E)
reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic trends as well as attempt
划线中间有both，肯定是both…and…而且both后面的东西要=and后面的东西。
A，
符合
B，
And没有了，被换成as well as。杀。
C，
符合
D，
Both of和and 名词，杀。
E，
出现as well as，杀。
比较A和C。开杀，看主谓一致。主语是reduction，C中动词是acknowledge，没有s，杀。正确答案是A，谓语为is。
为什么能够想到从主谓一致入手呢？因为比较，比较中发现A中的谓语是is，动作的发出者是reduction。做题最核心的考虑点，就是这个动作，谁做的。
要符合动词的正义性，合法性。谁有资格做？发出者错了不行。动词对应了，可是写错了形式也不行。
题外话：杠杆原理。Not only…but also, both A and B, either…or…, neither…nor…这些词组好比杠杆，不能随意更改。好像both…as well as…看上去好像也能表达意思，但绝对错误。考生要警惕这种情形。
8-6 part 1
蓝书61. The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(B) a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a deposited check.
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited checks is to be delayed.
根据“三荣三耻”，有that就没有should。没that就要有to。竖着开比，排除D。
开比，既要比头比尾，也要对比选项中的相似项。
A，C和E都是that开头的项。相似项互相比较。A中的a bank…their customers….how long they will…这里a bank’s customers是要单数的，杀A。
同理，也杀了B。剩下C和E。E当中的their会导致歧义，是指banks呢，还是customers呢？而C中的代词，its和it都只可能对应地指代a bank所以没有问题。
还有一个细节就是，E中用了to be delayed，被动语态；而C中了 it will delay，主动语态。
这两个比较点，确定了答案是C。
蓝书82. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through al the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, processing steel scarap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into technology and remain economically viable.
(A)
processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain
(B)
processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining
(C)
the processing of steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining
(D)
small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain
(E)
small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remained
原则：“主语划线看修饰，修饰划线看主语，两个都划左右比。”
句子开头in contrast to a large steel plants, 这是广义的比较。于之相对应的肯定是small mills，杀A，B和C。
D和E的差别很小，D中的remain和put capital into平行了，是正确答案。
不选E还可以分析一下原因。只要有可能出现歧义，就不行。remaind可以跟have been able to平行。如果E要成为正确答案，那么一定是 and have remained的形式出现。
讲义8
Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.
- atmosphere, interactions that affect
- atmosphere, with interactions affecting
- atmosphere that affects
- atmosphere that is affecting
- atmosphere as affects
划线中出现逗号穿越。同位语优先。
C，D和E中affect都变成是atmosphere发出的。而B是一个十恶不赦的结构，with+独立主格，这个是一定错的。
答案选A。
记住原则，快速选题。先学会how to做题，别问why to do so。一定要给自己洗脑，记住做题的原则和杀题的方式。
10 Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps living in a highly cooperative and organized society where they consist almost entirely of females—the queen and her sterile female workers.
A.wasps living in a highly cooperative and organized society where they consist almost entirely of
B.wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of
C.which means they live in a highly cooperative and organized society, almost all
D.which means that their society is highly cooperative, organized, and it is almost entirely
E.living in a society that is highly cooperative, organized, and it consists of almost all
胆大的，竖着一比，就只看A和B了。同位语优先原则。
A和B差异很小。B中直接用consisting，表明consist的发出者是society。而A中用了society where they。首先society不是地点不能用where，而且they也指代模糊。
答案选B。
胆小的，再比比C，D和E。C和D，一开头用了which，想指代谁呢？which只能就近指代，所以是social wasps黄蜂。“黄蜂意味着他们住在一个….的社会”。没有这样的说法，C和D杀。
最简单看看cooperative和organized之间没有and，而A，B和C中都有，杀。违反了平行结构。
而且D和E中都出现了organized, and it…也是指代不清的问题。
这是一道综合了PK，平行结构，代词指代三招的题目。
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