PREP-1-ESSAY2:第5题。

ppjelly

Essay
#2.
                

            

    

The general density dependence model can be
applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to
serve a narrow target market).  According
to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation
and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total
number) of firms in a particular specialist population.  Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm
moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to
organize.  At low density levels, each
founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing
subsequent foundings.  Competition occurs
because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are
limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the
addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of
competition.  At high density
levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects,
discouraging foundings.  The more
numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller
will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.

    

While several studies have found a significant
correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of
foundings, other studies have found patterns
not consistent with the model.  A
possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation
and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while
studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level.  Thus a national-level analysis
can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as
the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated.  Many industries are or are becoming
international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so
should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings.  For example, if a type of firm becomes
established in the United
  States, that information transcends
borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in
other countries.  Even within national
contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when
they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the
model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at
city levels.

    

 Question #5.
             066-04  (21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-04)

    
    

 In the second paragraph, the author is primarily
concerned with

    

 (A) noting various exceptions to a certain general
finding

    

(B) examining the impact of one type of industry
on another

    

(C) proposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency

    

(D) providing specific examples of a particular
phenomenon

    

(E) defending the validity of a particular study's
conclusions

答案C.想问各位，为什么不能选E。如果按照第7题主题题的说法，不管文章怎么解释不一致，最终都是为了说明一致啊。所以选E不对么？或者是我的思路有问题，如果题目问本段的主要观点，我是不应该考虑其它段落的？


    

Question #7. 
066-08    (21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-08)

    

 

    

The primary purpose of the passage is to

    

 

    

(A) question the validity of an economic model

    

(B) point out some inconsistencies within an
economic model

    

(C) outline an economic model and suggest
revisions to it

    

(D) describe an economic model and provide
specific examples to illustrate its use

    

(E) explain why an economic model remains valid
despite inconsistent research results

答案E.

jetking

恩，第二段讲了一些局限性。应该是一个客观的对机制的评价，特别是它最后说，如果考虑了地区的影响因素，这个机制就再次有效。就是说，这个机制应该被改进，才能维持它的有效性。

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-27 11:50:06编辑过]

ppjelly

一位学MBA的同学告诉我，正确的论证方式应该是：
1、提出model；2、提出一些study应用此model在一些实际中，然后有支持有反对；3、排除反对；4、证明model确实正确。
所以C对。另外，注意，E错在defending the validity of a particular study's
conclusions。按之前讲的论证方式，这里就应该是defend model，而不是conclusion。看第7题也是一样explain why an economic model remains valid
despite inconsistent research results。

gracezz

我觉得第二段里面最后一句话那个说法很让人迷惑，even within,这是递进么？前面说的是inconsistency的例子（一个假设的例子），接下来应该是转折地说but within。。。这样才更好理解。。。不明白为啥用even within呢？