二战日记- GWD/OG/PP全汉化

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1.        GWD-3-Q5 to Q7

      In 1994, a team of scientists led

       by David Mckay began studying the

       meteorite ALH84001, which had been

       discovered in Antarctica in 1984.
            

1994年，由DM带领的一组科学家开始对1984年在南极洲发现的陨星A展开研究。

  (5)      Two years later, the McKay team

announced that ALH84001, which

scientists generally agree originated

on Mars, contained compelling evi-

dence that life once existed on Mars.

两年后，M的团队声称，科学家们广泛承认来自于火星的A包含引人注目的证据显示火星上曾经有生命体存在。

 (10)      This evidence includes the discovery

of organic molecules in ALH84001,

the first ever found in Martian rock.

Organic molecules—complex, carbon-

based compounds—form the basis for

(15)            terrestrial life. 

这个证据包括在A上发现的生物体分子是第一次在火星的岩石上发现。这个有复杂的碳元素构成生物体分子是一个陆地生物的组成部分。

The organic molecules

found in ALH84001 are polycyclic aro-

matic hydrocarbons, or PAH’s.  When

microbes die, their organic material

often decays into PAH’s. M的发现：火星上有生命

这个在A上发现的生物体分子是多轮芬芳碳氢化合物或者是PAH。当一个微生物死去时，他们的器官组织通常会腐烂在PAH中。

 (20)            Skepticism about the McKay team’s

       claim remains, however.  For example,

       ALH84001 has been on earth for

13,000 years, suggesting to some

scientists that its PAH’s might have

 (25)      resulted from terrestrial contamination.

然而，对M的团队的声明保持怀疑者仍然存在。例如，A已经在地球上13000年，这向一些科学家们说明它的PAH可能来自于陆地上的的污染物。

However, McKay’s team has demon-

strated that the concentration of PAH’s

increases as one looks deeper into

ALH84001, contrary to what one would

 (30)      expect from terrestrial contamination.

然而，M的团队已经论证了当人们更深层次的观察A的PAH的浓度的增长时，它是有别于陆地上的污染物的。

The skeptic’s strongest argument,

however, is that processes unrelated

       to organic life can easily produce all

the evidence found by McKay’ steam,

(35)          including PAH’s. 

然而，怀疑者们最强的声音是那些与生命体不相关的过程可以轻易的制造出所有由M团队所发现的证据。

For example, star

formation produces PAH’s.  Moreover,

PAH’s frequently appear in other

meteorites, and no one attributes

      their presence to life processes.

例如，星体的结构制造了PAH。此外，PAH也经常出现在其他的陨星之上，但从没有人将之用在考察生命体的存在研究方面。

 (40)     Yet McKay’s team notes that the

particular combination of PAH’s

in ALH84001 is more similar to the

combinations produced by decaying

organisms than to those originating

form nonbiological processes.
        对M理论的怀疑

然而，M的土堆指出A中PAH的特殊组成比起那些非起源于生命体的组成来说，与生物体腐烂后的组成更相似。

lex_xu

个人感觉单词量的欠缺严重的阻碍了阅读速度的提升以及对于答案的自信，还有会造成很多的回读，这是当前的一大重要的需要改善的地方。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-3-Q12 to Q15美国国会和印第安人协商形式的转变及其意义

      In its 1903 decision in the case

       of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

       States Supreme Court rejected the

       efforts of three Native American tribes

  (5)      to prevent the opening of tribal lands

to non-Indian settlement without tribal

consent. 

在1903年的LWH案件中，美国最高法院否决了3名美国原著民的关于阻止在未得到部落的同意的前提下不得向非原著民开放部落领地的决议。

In his study of the Lone

Wolf case, Blue Clark properly

emphasizes the Court’s assertion

 (10)      of a virtually unlimited unilateral power

of Congress (the House of Represen-

tatives and the Senate) over Native

American affairs. 

在BC对于LW案件的研究中，他完全强调法庭的裁决是对于美国原著民事件，国会的一种实际上的无限制的单方面的权力。

But he fails to note

the decision’s more far-reaching

 (15)      impact:  shortly after Lone Wolf, the

federal government totally abandoned

negotiation and execution of formal

written agreements with Indian tribes

as a prerequisite for the implemen-

(20)            tation of federal Indian policy.

但是他没有指出此项决定的更深远的影响：LW事件后的不长时间，联邦政府就完全抛弃了以与印第安部落的之间的协商以及执行正式的书面规定为执行联邦印第安政策的先决条件。

   Many
        commentators believe that this change

had already occurred in 1871 when—

following a dispute between the

       House and the Senate over which

 (25)      chamber should enjoy primacy in

Indian affairs—Congress abolished

the making of treaties with Native

American tribes.

很多的评论家相信，这项变化自1871年白宫与议会就哪个部门应该享有处理印第安事务的主导权的问题展开争论时就已经开始。议会废黜了与印第安部落签订的条约。

But in reality the

federal government continued to nego-

 (30)      tiate formal tribal agreements past

the turn of the century, treating these

documents not as treaties with sover-

       eign nations requiring ratification by the

Senate but simply as legislation to be

 (35)      passed by both houses of Congress.

            但实际上，联邦政府在过去的一个世纪里仍旧在继续与印第安部落协商正式的部落条约。
            

      The Lone Wolf decision ended this

era of formal negotiation and finally

did away with what had increasingly

become the empty formality of obtain-

ing tribal consent.

LW的决议结束了这段正式协商的时期并最终使得需取得印第安部落的同意这一已经逐渐沦为空的形式的远去。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-3-Q23 to Q26影响企业执行即定战略(build or harvest)的因素

      Why firms adhere to or deviate

       from their strategic plans is poorly

       understood.  However, theory and

       limited research suggest that the

  (5)      process through which such plans

emerge may play a part.

为什么公司要坚持或者偏离他们的策略计划这一事情并没有得到很好的理解。然而，理论以及有限的实践证明这些计划形成的过程可能在其中起了很多的一部分作用。

 In particular,

top management decision-sharing—

consensus-oriented, team-based

decision-making—may increase the

 (10)      likelihood that firms will adhere to their

plans, because those involved in the

decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action,

thereby increasing the likelihood that

 (15)      organizations will subsequently adhere

to their plans.提出问题并解释

特殊的，管理高层的基于多数人同意导向的决定或是基于小组合作的决定都可能增加公司将坚持他们的计划的可能性，因为这些参与制定决策的人可能更加专注于行动的选取过程，因此增加了公司随后坚持他们决定的可能性。

      However, the relationship between

top management decision-sharing and

adherence to plans may be affected

 (20)      by a firm’s strategic mission (its fundamental approach to increasing

       sales revenue and market share, and

generating cash flow and short-term

profits). 

然而，高层决策者和对计划地坚持之间的关系可能受到公司的决策任务的影响（增加销售额以及市场份额，产生现金流以及短期的效益这些基本的方式）。

At one end of the strategic

 (25)      mission continuum, “build” strategies

are pursued when a firm desires to

increase its market share and is willing

to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.

在决策任务这一端，当公司希望增加他的市场份额以及自愿牺牲短期的利润来来实现他时，就开始要求制定策略。

At the other end, “harvest” strategies

 (30)      are used when a firm is willing to

sacrifice marked share for short-term

profitability and cash-flow maximiza-

       tion. 

在另一端，当一个公司自愿牺牲市场份额来实现短期的利润以及最小化现金流时，开始要求收获策略。

       Research and theory suggest

that top management decision-sharing

 (35)
               may have a more positive relationship

with adherence to plans among firms

with harvest strategies than among

firms with build strategies. 

研究和理论表明，高管的共有决定比起那些制定策略型的公司而言，对那些收获型策略的公司在坚持计划方面有一个更正向的关系。

In a study

      of strategic practices in several large

 (40)     firms, managers in harvest strategy

scenarios were more able to adhere

to their business plans. 

在一项对几个大公司的策略实践的研究中显示，那些收获型策略想定的经理人们更能够坚持他们的运作计划。

As one of the

managers in the study explained it,

this is partly because “[t]ypically all a

 (45)      manager has to do [when implementing

a harvest strategy] is that which was

done last year.” 

正如一位研究中的经理解释说，这部分主要是因为当执行一项收获型策略时一位经理人所有要做的就是那些去年已经做过了的。

Additionally, man-

agers under harvest strategies may

have fewer strategic options than do

 (50)      those under build strategies; it may

therefore be easier to reach agree-

ment on a particular course of action

through decision-sharing, which will

in turn tend to promote adherence

(55)            to plans.

       此外，比起那些制定型策略的经理人们来说，收获型策略的经理人们将面临更少的策略供选择；这可能就某一特定的议题更加容易达成共识，也更容易促使坚持计划。

       Conversely, in a “build”

strategy scenario, individual leader-

ship, rather than decision-sharing,

may promote adherence to plans.

相反的是，在制定型策略的想定中，个人的领导力而非公有决策更加能够促使对计划地坚持。

Build strategies—which typically

 (60)      require leaders with strong perso-

nal visions for a firm’s future, rather

than the negotiated compromise

of the team-based decision—may

be most closely adhered to when

 (65)      implemented in the context of a clear

strategic vision of an individual leader,

rather than through the practice of

decision-sharing.在两种战略影响下

制定型策略，主要要求领导人拥有很强的个人对公司将来的愿景，而不是以团队为基础的沟通妥协，但其当在一位个人领导人的清晰的策略愿景下而非通过共有的决策的实施，执行起来更容易被坚持。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-3-Q35 to Q37文艺复兴时期妇女独立人格的研究（以某WIDOW为例）

      Historians who study European

       women of the Renaissance try to mea-

       sure “independence,” “options,” and

       other indicators of the degree to which

  (5)      the expression of women’s individuality

was either permitted or suppressed.

研究欧洲文艺复兴时期的妇女们的历史学家们总试图去衡量独立，选择权以及其他一些表达妇女们个性指标的度来判断这些事被许可的还是被禁止的。

Influenced by Western individualism,

these historians define a peculiar form

of personhood:  an innately
            bounded

 (10)      unit, autonomous and standing apart

from both nature and society.

受西方个人主义的影响，这些历史学家们对人格有一个特殊形式的定义：一种与生俱来的有限制的单元，自治的并且立于自然和社会之外。

 An
        anthropologist, however, would contend

that a person can be conceived in ways

other than as an “individual.”

然而，一位人类学家认为一个人可以以非个体的形式来构成。

 In many
        societies a person’s identity is not

intrinsically unique and self-contained

but instead is defined within a complex

web of social relationships.
        人类学家的观点

在很多的社会里，一个人的身份并非固有唯一的以及独立的，相反是在一个复杂的社会关系网里被定义。

      In her study of the fifteenth-century

 (20)      Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a

historian who specializes in European

women of the Renaissance attributes

individual intention and authorship of

       actions to her subject.

在她的对19世纪佛罗伦萨寡妇AS的研究中表明一位专注于文艺复兴时期欧洲妇女研究的历史学家将他个人的意愿个人生活的情节归到了她的课题中。

      This historian
        assumes that Alessandra had goals

and interests different from those of her

sons, yet much of the historian’s own

research reveals that Alessandra

acted primarily as a champion of her

 (30)      sons’ interests, taking their goals as

her own. 

这位历史学家猜想A的目标与兴趣与她的儿子不同，然而，很多这位历史学家的研究都显示A是她儿子兴趣的主要的拥护者并且将他的目标也当成是自己的。

Thus Alessandra conforms

more closely to the anthropologist’s

       notion that personal motivation is

embedded in a social context.

因此，A与人类学家的观念更加一致，也就是个人的动机是包含在整个社会的关系中的。

 Indeed,

 (35)      one could argue that Alessandra did

       not distinguish her personhood from

that of her sons. 

确实，人们可以争议A并没有区分清她和她儿子的个性。

In Renaissance

Europe the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm

 (40)      and closed and did not necessarily

coincide with the boundaries of

the bodily self.

在欧洲的文艺复兴时期，概念上的自我的边界并不总是被分得很清并且也并不需要与肉体上的自我的边界保持一致。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-4-Q5 to Q7工业化城市化理论不能解释妇女选举权问题（以瑞士为例）

    Many scholars have theorized that
        老观点

       economic development, particularly

       industrialization and urbanization, con-

    tributes to the growth of participatory

(5)            democracy; 

      很多的学者已形成理论道，经济的发展尤其是工业化和都市化的发展，为工人分享的民主主义的成长做出了贡献。

       according to this theory, it

would seem logical that women would

both demand and gain suffrage in ever

greater numbers whenever economic

development expanded their economic

(10)            opportunities. 

根据这个理论，无论经济增长有未给她们带来更多的经济机会，妇女可以要求并获得更多的选举权是完全符合逻辑的。

However, the economic否定老观点

development theory is inadequate to

explain certain historical facts about the

implementation of women’s suffrage.

然而，经济的发展理论还不足以解释妇女选举权的执行这一特定的历史事件。

For example, why was women’s suf-

 (15)      frage, instituted nationally in the United

States in 1920, not instituted nationally

in Switzerland until the 1970’s? 

例如，为什么妇女的选举权在美国1920年开始在全国执行，而瑞士要到1970才开始？

Industrialization was well advanced in both

countries by 1920:  over 33 percent

 (20)      of American workers were employed

       in various industries, as compared

       to 44 percent of Swiss workers.

在1920年，两个国家的工业化都被很好地推动着：33%的美国人被不同的企业所雇用，与之相比，瑞士工人为44%。

Granted, Switzerland and the United

States diverged in the degree to

 (25)      which the expansion of industry coin-

cided with the degree of urbanization:

only 29 percent of the Swiss population

lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabi-

tants by 1920. 

得同意的是，瑞士和美国在工业与都市化程度的统一上还是有差距的：在1920年，只有29%的瑞士人口居住在10000人以上的城镇中。

However, urbanization

 (30)      cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.

Within the United States prior to 1920,

for example, only less urbanized

       states had granted women suffrage.

然而，都市化不能完全的解释妇女的选举权。例如，在美国1920年以前，只有很少的都市化的州准许妇女的选举权。

Similarly, less urbanized countries

(35)         such as Cambodia and Ghana had

voting rights for women long before

Switzerland did.

与此相似的是，在瑞士之前，只有很少的象G以及C等都市化的国家拥有妇女的选举权。

 It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political

subdivisions) generally enacted

women’s suffrage legislation earlier

than did rural cantons. 

诚然，瑞士都市化的州要早于那些乡下的州为妇女的选举权进行立法这也是事实。

However,these cantons often shared other

characteristics—similar linguistic back-

grounds and strong leftist parties—that

may help to explain this phenomenon.

然而，这些州也拥有其他的一些相似的特征-相似的语言背景以及强盛的左派政党，这些也都可以解释这种现象。

绝版牙牙

没事来督促一下LZ

lex_xu

1.        GWD-4-Q22 to Q25劳动力报酬、劳动力成本和生产效率之间的关系

      Many managers are influenced by

       dangerous myths about pay that lead

       to counterproductive
        反生产的，使达不到预期目标的
        decisions about

       how their companies compensate

employees. 

许多的经理人被那些危险的荒诞的论调所影响-关于如何来补偿公司员工的那些反生产的决定。

(5)            One such myth is that

labor rates, the rate per hour paid to

workers, are identical with labor costs,

the money spent on labor in relation to

the productivity of the labor force.

其中的一种论调是labor rates –每小时付给工人工钱的比率-是与生产成本相同的，付给工人的工钱是与劳动力的生产力相关的。

 (10)      This myth leads to the assumption that

a company can simply lower its labor

costs by cutting wages.

这种论点可推出一种假设即一个公司可以简单的通过削减工资来降低劳动成本。

 But labor
        costs and labor rates are not in fact

the same:  one company could pay

 (15)      its workers considerably more than

another and yet have lower labor

costs if that company’s productivity

were higher due to the talent of its

workforce, the efficiency of its work

(20)            processes, or other factors. 

但是，劳动成本与labor rates事实上并不相同：一个公司可以付给他的工人相当其他公司更多的报酬，如果该公司因为拥有更多的有才干的员工或生产流程更加有效等其他原因从而得到生产力上的提升的话。

(21)            The
        confusion of costs with rates persists partly because labor rates are

a convenient target for managers who

want to make an impact on their company’s budgets.

对于成本及工资率之间关系的这种混淆之所以能够持续下来部分是因为如果公司的经理人要压缩预算的话，labor rates是非常方便有效的一项指标。

(25)             Because labor rates

are highly visible, managers can easily

compare their company’s rates with

those of competitors.

因为工资率非常容易可见，所以经理人会很容易的将其公司与其他的竞争者对其进行比较。

 Furthermore,

labor rates often appear to be a

 (30)      company’s most malleable financial

variable:  cutting wages appears an

easier way to control costs than such

       options as reconfiguring work processes or altering product design.
        现象及其原因

 (35)
                  此外，
        工资率也经常是一个公司的非常有弹性的一项财经指标：相比重新配置工作流程或者更该产品的设计来说，削减薪水更容易达到控制成本的作用。
            

 The myth that labor rates and labor

costs are equivalent is supported by

business journalists, who frequently

confound the two.

对于工资率与劳动成本相等的论调通常被那些经常将两者混淆的商业记者们所推崇。

 For example, prominent business journals often remark on

 (40)     the “high” cost of German labor, citing

as evidence the average amount paid

to German workers.

例如，优秀的商业周刊经常评价德国劳动力的高成本，并引以德国员工的平均薪水为证据。

 The myth is also

perpetuated by the compensation-

consulting industry, which has its own

(45)            incentives to keep such myths alive.

这种论调同样在赔偿咨询行业中永存，当然他们有他们自己的目的。

First, although some of these con-

sulting firms have recently broadened

their practices beyond the area of

compensation, their mainstay con-

 (50)      tinues to be advising companies on

changing their compensation prac-

tices. 

首先，一些咨询公司最近扩大了其赔偿的范围，他们的支柱仍然是继续向公司么建议改变他们的赔偿管理。

Suggesting that a company’s

performance can be improved in

some other way than by altering its

 (55)      pay system may be empirically cor-

rect but contrary to the consultants’

interests.

这说明公司们的表现可以通过改变他们的薪酬系统来得到提升经验上是正确的，但这并不和那些顾问们的胃口。

  Furthermore, changes

to the compensation system may

appear to be simpler to implement

 (60)      than changes to other aspects of an

organization, so managers are more

likely to find such advice from con-

sultants palatable.

此外，对薪酬系统的改变比起对一个组织的其他方面的改变也许更容易执行，因此，经历人们更喜欢顾问们的在这方面的意见。

  Finally, to the

extant that changes in compensation

 (65)      create new problems, the consultants

will continue to have work solving the

problems that result from their advice.
        为什么会存在这种现象

最后，对薪酬系统的改变到了一定的程度后会带来新的问题，顾问们将对那些因来自他们的意见而产生的问题们继续寻求解决的办法。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-4-Q35 to Q37暗银河系的发现及其科学意义

      In addition to conventional

       galaxies, the universe contains

       very dim
            galaxies that until

       recently went unnoticed by

(5)            astronomers. 

除了传统的星系之外，宇宙还包括非常暗淡的星系直到今天仍不被天文学家们所发现。

(6)            Possibly as

numerous as conventional gal-

axies, these galaxies have the

same general shape and even

the same approximate number

(10)
            of stars as a common type of

conventional galaxy, the spiral,

but tend to be much larger.

也许与传统的星系一样众多，这些星系与普通的星系拥有同样的基本的外形和几乎同样数量的行星，螺旋形，但可能更加巨大。

Because these galaxies’

mass is spread out over

 (15)      larger areas, they have far

fewer stars per unit volume

than do conventional galaxies.

因为这些星系的大多数都伸展到一个更大的区域，比起普通的星系来说他们单位体积拥有更少的行星。

Apparently these low-surface-

brightness galaxies, as they

 (20)      are called, take much longer

       than conventional galaxies to

       condense their primordial gas

and convert it to stars—that is,

they evolve much more slowly.
        暗星系的发现及其特征

很明显的事，这些所谓的表面低亮度的星系比起普通的星系来说需要花费更长的时间来压缩他们的原始的气体并将其转变为行星，也就是他们发展的非常缓慢。

 (25)            These galaxies may

constitute an answer to the longstanding puzzle of the missing

baryonic mass in the universe.

这些星系也许将为宇宙中那些丢失的重子们这一长久的迷题提供答案。

Baryons—subatomic particles

 (30)      that are generally protons or

neutrons—are the source of

stellar, and therefore galactic,

       luminosity, and so their numbers

can be estimated based on how

(35)          luminous galaxies are.

重子-中子和质子等小于原子的颗粒是恒星因此也就是星系，发光度的来源，并且因此他们的数量可以由星系的亮度来估计。

(36)           However, the amount of helium

in the universe, as measured

by spectroscopy, suggests

      that there are far more baryons

 (40)     in the universe than estimates

based on galactic luminosity

indicate. 

然而，由光谱学所得到的宇宙中氦的数量证明了在宇宙中还存在相比基于星系亮度所推算出的数量更多的重子。

Astronomers have

long speculated that the missing

baryonic mass might eventually

 (45)      be discovered in intergalactic

space or as some large popu-

lation of galaxies that are difficult

to detect.
        此发现的应用

天文学家长久以来推测那些丢失的重子也许最终会在星系之间交接部分的空间内或者在一些类似于其他大量的难以被发现的星系中被找到。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-5-Q9 to Q12商学院学生对行为科学课不再感冒的原因

      Behavior science courses should

       be gaining prominence in business

       school curricula.

行为科学课程可以显著的在商学院的课程中被获得。

 Recent theoretical

       work convincingly shows why behav-

  (5)      ioral factors such as organizational

culture and employee relations are

among the few remaining sources of

sustainable competitive advantage in

modern organizations.

最近，理论工作确信的显示为什么在现代企业中行为方面例如组织文化以及员工关系仍然作为为数不多的几个可持续竞争优势的来源。

 Furthermore,

 (10)      empirical evidence demonstrates

clear linkages between human

resource (HR) practices based in

the behavioral sciences and various

aspects of a firm’s financial success.

此外，在以往的经验中也很清晰地证明基于行为科学的HR行为和企业在财经方面的成功之间的联系。

 (15)      Additionally, some of the world’s most

successful organizations have made

unique HR practices a core element

of their overall business strategies.
        结论及其支持论据

此外，一些世界上的非常成功的公司也都制定了一套独一无二的HR政策作为他们公司策略中的一项核心元素。

      Yet the behavior sciences

 (20)      are struggling for credibility in many

business schools. 

然而，在很多的商业学校中，行为科学正在为其可信性而挣扎。

Surveys show

that business students often regard

behavioral studies as peripheral to

       the mainstream business curriculum.

调查显示，商业学校的学生经常讲行为科学的学习当作主流商业课程的外围课程。

 (25)      This perception can be explained by

the fact that business students, hoping

to increase their attractiveness to

prospective employers, are highly

sensitive to business norms and

 (30)      practices, and current business

practices have generally been

moving away from an emphasis on

       understanding human behavior and

toward more mechanistic organiza-

(35)            tional models.

这种理解可以解释为因为商业学校的学生为了增加他们对更加有前景的雇主的吸引力，而高度重视商业的基础课程及练习，并且，时下的商业课程已经从重视对人行为的理解而转向更多机械的组织模型上来了。

(36)             Furthermore, the

       status of HR professionals within

organizations tends to be lower

than that of other executives.现状及其论据

此外，HR专业性在组织中的现况比起其它的管理层也趋向更低。

      Students’ perceptions would

 (40)      matter less if business schools

were not increasingly dependent on

external funding—form legislatures,

businesses, and private foundations—

for survival.

如果商业学校没有日益依赖来自于立法，商业的外部资金以及为了生存的私有资金的话，学生们的感觉将不会很介意。

 Concerned with their

 (45)      institutions’ ability to attract funding,

administrators are increasingly tar-

geting low-enrollment courses and

degree programs for elimination.
        延伸性内容
        解决方案
            

关心于他们机构的吸引资金的能力，管理者们将日益的致力于除掉那些地录取率的课程以及学位项目。