FF逻辑宝典
21. Historian: We can learn about the medical history of individuals through chemical analysis of their hair. It is likely, for example, that Isaac Newton’s psychological problems were due to mercury poisoning; traces of mercury were found in his hair. Analysis is now being done on a lock of Beethoven’s hair. Although no convincing argument has shown that Beethoven ever had a venereal disease, some people hypothesize that venereal disease caused his deafness. Since mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease, if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair, we can conclude that this hypothesis is correct.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian’s argument depends?
A. None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated.
B. Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.
C. Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease.
D. Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.
E. Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as Newton’s.
There should be 2 assumptions to support the hypothesis. The 1st assumption of the author is that only venereal disease will be treated by mercury in Beethoven’s time. The 2nd assumption is only some people in Beethoven's time will ingest mercury, if all people ingest mercury, the evidence is not useful. So, some people in Beethoven's time did not ingest mercury. The answer should be B.
我对于以上FF的解释还不明白：if all people ingest mercury, the evidence is not useful，究竟是什么意思。我的理解：Historian想证明的是假设的正确性，即venereal disease caused his deafness；mercury在那个时代commonly ingested来能治疗venereal disease，那么如果能从Beethoven’s hair中找到mercury，那么只能推断出Beethoven可能患有venereal disease，但是与deaf还关联不上！我认为选D，可以将deafness与mercury关联。
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22. In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North American paid its reporters an average salary paid by its principle competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters’ salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.
Which one of the following, if true about the newspaper in 1992, most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive?
A. Senior reporters at the newspaper earned as much as reporters of similar stature who worked for the newspaper’s principle competitors.
B. Most of the newspaper’s reporters had worked there for more than ten years.
C. The circulation of the newspaper had recently reached a plateau, after it had increased steadily throughout the 1980s.
D. The union that represented reporters at the newspaper was different from the union that represented reporters at the newspaper’s competitors.
E. The newspaper was widely read throughout continental Europe and Great Britain as well as North America.
参考答案：B
思路：否定low salaries is fully compensated by training。看不懂，呵呵。
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24. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than .05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. No female cats have been known to contract disease X, which is a subtype of disease Y.
B. Many male cats that contract disease X also contract disease Z, the cause of which is unknown.
C. the interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact disease X are larger than those of female cats who do not contract disease X.
D. Of 1,000 autopsies on male cats that did not contract disease X, 5 revealed interstitial nuclei larger than those of the average male cat.
E. The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.
E is the best answer. Disease X is the subtype is disease Y, if disease Y has no link with hypothalamus, X must have no link with hypothalamus.
A, C talked about the female cat, that can't weaken the argument.
B talked about another disease Z, doesn't weaken the argument.
D just shows some data, which cannot weaken the argument.
我的疑问是，文章的论据是these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats，作者想由此推断the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X，应该将the size of the interstitial nucleus of female cats与contract disease X关联起来。A可以weaken这种关联关系，为什么不对？
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower’s range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.
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34. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist’s reasoning depends?
A. The wildflower currently reproduces only by forming seeds.
B. The domesticated daisy was bred from wild plants that once grew in the wildflower’s range.
C. Increasing the population of the wildflower will also expand its range.
D. Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to reproduce.
E. The domesticated daisy will cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.
思路：not+weaken。根据原命题成立则逆否命题成立的原理，把选项取非后，若能对文章产生削弱作用的，则为答案。
与结论无关。另外也可以根据极端词only来进行排除。
就算daisy不是in wildflower's range，wildflower-daisy hybrids也是in wildflower's range。
无关。
把选项取非，变成：wildflower-daisy hybrids不能再繁殖。这样的话，总有一天，随着wildflower的消失，wildflower-daisy hybrids也会消失的，这样就不能达到prevent total loss of the wildflower in its range的目的了，从而也对结论进行了削弱。因此D为答案。
无关。
答案D。我的疑问不在于D是否正确，而在于A为什么不正确。取非A，即wildflower还可以通过除了forming seeds以外别的方式繁殖（比如移植），那么就不用cross-pollination的方式来producing viable seeds，进而不必引入daisy来prevent total loss of the wildflower in its range了，从而weaken argument。
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发表于 2008-3-9 15:09:00
