21.关于是否要采取保护环境措施的不同观点,
第一段,一群人advocate立即采取一些措施保护环境,防止环境恶化,认为各政府之间不能达成共识而延缓行动 是不对的.然后第二群人oppose第一群人的观点,认为环境将来会变什么样太不确定了,立即采取行动的代价可能要比什么行动都不采取来得更大.然后后面
还发了一大堆牢骚(这里有except题,标志有个**agenda,看仔细), 第二段忘记说什么了,MS是说第二群人oppose的一些观点, 第三段提到了两群人争论的关键是在uncertainty和true
uncertainty.然后解释了这两个词的意思.这里也有一个考题.
22.有一题讲东西方沟通交流的方式问题，西方人比较直接，东方人比较隐晦（有题），第二段引述了一个在日本工作的西方女性关于日本人沟通方式的一段话，第三段说了一个发生在这个西方女性工作中的一个例子。
23:美国西南部的ceramic production 比 该地区知道ceramic
techonoly 要晚，以及原因分析
24. 美国防止垄断限制横向兼并导致该国只能diversation merger就是不同领域兼并,而欧洲国家没有限制却也出现跨领域兼并占主流的现象...
另一个人关于上题的论述：RC3:
P1:美国企业的分工运营趋式的形成被认为是受到反托拉斯法的影响,但事实并非如此, 因为19xx-19xx年里的横向并购并没有减少,且许多都发生在大公司. P2: 分工运营是经济环境下的大趋势,因为加拿大英国,虽然没有反托拉斯法的限制,分工化也在它们的企业里发生.
25..有关于行星构成的,单独说的M星,3种观点说明一个问题,然后后来又说这3种观点的缺陷
26..P1 美国的公司通过裁员与业务外包来削减成本的方式，经事实检验，效果不如经理人的预期（实事后利润下降，公司股票长期表现不佳），因为员工的士气与安全感下降了。P2：这种方式不如另一种把公司股票分给员工，使他们对公司的认同感加强，这种把双方利益捆绑的方式能提高员工表现，从而增加公司利润。但是这种方式实施很不容易，因为管理人员手中的权利被削弱了
Q34
to Q36:
Firms
traditionally claim that they
downsize (i.e., make permanent
personnel cuts) for economic reasons,
Line
laying off supposedly unnecessary staff
(5) in an attempt to become more
efficient
and competitive. Organization
theory
would explain this reasoning as an
example of the “economic rationality”
that it assumes underlies all organi-
(10)
zational activities. There is evidence
that firms believe they are behaving
rationally whenever they downsize; yet
recent research has
shown that the
actual economic
effects of downsizing
(15) are
often negative for firms. Thus,
organization theory cannot adequately
explain downsizing; non-economic
factors must also be
considered.
One such factor is the evolution of
(20)
downsizing into a powerful business
myth: managers simply believe that
downsizing is efficacious. Moreover,
downsizing nowadays is greeted
favorably by the business press; the
(25)
press often refers to soaring stock
prices of downsizing firms (even
though
research shows that stocks usually
rise only briefly after downsizing and
then suffer a prolonged decline).
(30)
Once viewed as a sign of desperation,
downsizing is now viewed as a signal
that firms are serious about competing
in the global marketplace; such signals
are received positively by key actors—
(35)
financial analysts, consultants,
shareholders—who
supply firms with
vital organizing resources. Thus, even
if downsizers do not become economi-
cally
more efficient, downsizing’s mythic
(40)
properties give them added prestige
in the business community, enhancing
their survival prospects.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q34:
The
primary purpose of the passage is to
A.
criticize firms for engaging in the practice of downsizing
B.
analyze the negative economic impact of downsizing on firms
C.
offer an alternative to a traditional explanation for the occurrence of
downsizing
D.
chronicle how perceptions of downsizing have changed over time
E.
provide evidence disputing the prevalence of downsizing
YET后面说明了本文将要展开的主题，说减员并不是经济原理能解释的，而是另有原因。选C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q35:
The
passage suggests that downsizing’s mythic properties can be beneficial to a
downsizing firm because these properties
A.
allow the firm to achieve significant operating efficiencies
B.
provide the firm with access to important organizing resources
C.
encourage a long-term increase in the firm’s stock price
D.
make the firm less reliant on external figures such as financial analysts and
consultants
E.
discourage the firm’s competitors from entering the global marketplace
36行。选B
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
The
passage suggests which of the following about the claim that a firm will become
more efficient and competitive by downsizing?
A.
Few firms actually believe this claim to be true.
B.
Fewer firms have been making this claim in recent years.
C.
This claim contradicts the basic assumption of organization theory.
D.
This claim is called into question by certain recent research.
E. This claim is often treated with
skepticism by the business press.
题干即为文章一开始提出来的论点，是本文推翻的。Yet后面说明，选D
27.物种灭绝与人类活动，不是这篇，愿意来点背景知识和相关词汇的就看看吧，呵呵
1.
GWD-6-Q5 to Q7发生在北美的史前物种灭绝是人为的么
According to a theory
advanced 按照研究员PM提出的理论，
by researcher Paul Martin, the
wave 发生在约11,000年前更新世末
of species extinctions that
occurred 期的北美物种灭绝浪潮直接归
Line in North America about 11,000
years 咎于人类如古印度人，即今天
(5) ago, at the end of the Pleistocene
era, 美国土人的祖先的到来。
can be directly attributed to the arrival
of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians,
who
were ancestors of modern Native
Americans. However, anthropologist 但是，人类学家SK指出，在无
(10) Shepard
Krech
points out that large
古印度人捕猎证据的地区仍有大量
animal species
vanished even in areas 物种消失。
where there is no
evidence to demon-
strate that
Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to
large 灭绝也不限于大型动物：小动物，
(15)
animals: small animals, plants,
and 植物和昆虫也消失了，推测并非
insects disappeared, presumably
not 由人类消耗引起。
all through human consumption.
Krech SK同样否认PM排除气候变化的
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion
of 解释，认为更新世末期确实发生了
climatic change as an explanation
by 广泛的气候变化。
(20)
asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of
the Pleistocene. Still, Krech attributes
尽管如此，SK把灭绝的第二责任
secondary if not primary
responsibility (如果不是首要)归于古印度人，他
for the extinctions to the
Paleoindians, 认为人类在其它地方造成过当地消
(25)
arguing that humans have produced
灭。
local extinctions elsewhere. But,
但是按照历史学家RW，甚至第
according to historian Richard White,
二责任也没有证据支持。
even the attribution of secondary
responsibility may not be supported
(30)
by the evidence. White observes that RW评论道，PM的论文依赖人类
Martin’s thesis depends on
coinciding 到来时期和大型物种衰落时期的
dates for the arrival of humans and
the 吻合，而SK虽然意识到这些时期
decline of large animal species,
and 有争议，却没有去质疑。
Krech, though aware that the dates
(35)
are controversial, does not challenge
them; yet recent
archaeological
而近期的考古发现有证据显示
discoveries are providing
evidence 人类远早于11,000年前就来了。
that the date of human arrival was
much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
新老观点
逻辑简图：
1P: theory(PM) attributes to
human(P)…
However, SK points out no evidence
to demonstrate, also contradict…
SK still attributes to secondary P
But, RW may not be supported… yet
recent discoveries…
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-6-Q5:
Which
of the following is true about Martin’s theory, as that theory is
described in the passage?
A.
It assumes that the Paleoindians were primarily
dependent
on hunting for survival.
B.
It denies that the Pleistocene species extinctions were caused by climate
change.
Krech
also contradicts
Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
C.
It uses as evidence the fact that humans have
produced local extinctions in other situations.
反
D.
It attempts to address the controversy over
the date of human arrival in North America.
没有
E.
It admits the possibility that factors other
than the arrival of humans played a role in the Pleistocene extinctions.无
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-6-Q6:BC
Which
of the following, if true, would most weaken
Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory?
A.
Further studies showing that the climatic change that occurred at the end of
the Pleistocene era was even more severe and widespread than was previously
believed支持
B.
New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals,
plants, and insects that became extinct
Nor
were extinctions confined to large
animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
C.
Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not
only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras支持
D.
Researchers’ discoveries that many more species became extinct in North America at the end of the
Pleistocene era than was previously believed无关
E.
New discoveries establishing that both the arrival of humans in North America and the wave of
Pleistocene extinctions took place much earlier than 11,000 years ago也是weaken，但不削弱K理论反驳M理论的论据
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-6-Q7:
In the last sentence of the passage, the
author refers to “recent archaeological discoveries” (lines 36-37) most
probably in order to
A.
refute White’s suggestion that neither
Maritn nor Krech adequately account for Paleoindians’ contributions to the
Pleistocene extinctions
B.
cast doubt on the possibility that a more definitive theory regarding the
causes of the Pleistocene extinctions may be forthcoming胡扯
C.
suggest that Martin’s, Krech’s, and White’s theories regarding the Pleistocene
extinctions are all open to question
应该没有W理论什么事
D.
call
attention to the most controversial aspect of all the current theories
regarding the Pleistocene extinctions极端词汇
E.
provide support for White’s questioning of both Martin’s and Krech’s
positions regarding the role of Paleoindians in the Pleistocene extinctions
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