RC:
1
Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.
第一段提出了作者对类脊椎动物中尤其是有着极度利他主义现象的种群习惯的不了解，然后引出一个种群rat的例子
A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp's nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.
第二段讲述了在这种rat种群中，女皇的地位是无可替代的，起主导作用，并且除女王外的其他女性rats是不排卵和繁殖的，女皇死后，其余的女性rats会以暴力争抢这个位置。归根结底一句话，就是女皇与rat群体的关系。
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems1B, each insect's role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology3. In naked mole rat societies1B, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to1B
reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age3.
Smaller nonbreeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis's work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of
its age2.
第三段引出了一个新的种群E,比较了E群体与Rat群体在社会等级分工依据上的不同，E中主要是靠behavior, body shape, and physiology来分工，Rats中是靠reproductive status，body size, and perhaps age分工。最后由J提出了一个结论，即主导他们工作时间的是growth rates rather than its age
Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats1A, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders5
rather than by a single breeding female.
The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among
naked mole rats1E, colony size is much smaller, and
mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed
最后一段引出了一种新东西，并且讲了这种新东西的种群和Rats的关系，差别在哪
1. Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?
A. Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies. 红线部分与第四段红色部分矛盾，错
B. Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.
此结论与第三段红色部分矛盾,错
C. Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies.
D. The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.比较对象错误，文章一直在把Rat和E种群做比较，并不是和other vertebrate species比较
E. The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects. 与最后一段红色部分矛盾，并且与整个第三段都是矛盾的
此为主旨题
2. The passage suggests that Jarvis's work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior?
A. Size
B. Age 第三段中红线部分
regardless of its age
C. Reproductive status
D. Rate of growth
E. Previously exhibited behavior
推断题: 必须是根据文中的词语推断而来，此题是从文章中人物结论中推断
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the following ways?
A. In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks are performed cooperatively.此结论不能由文章中得出
B. In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape. 此为对第三段中细节的部分概括
C. In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the largest animals.文章没有给出相关信息，不能推出
D. In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a single female.这点并不是他们的不同
E. In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of tasks is based on body size.没有body size
推断题：此题是从文章中陈述的细节中推断
4. According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony?
A. She is the largest member of the colony.
B. She exerts chemical control over the colony.
C. She mates with more than one male.
D. She attains her status through aggression.
E. She is the only breeding female.
Supporting ideas
5. The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
A. The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.
B. An individual's ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.
C. Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.
D. Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
E. Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.
推断题: 由最后一段红色字体可以推断出L are not dominated by a pair of…
6. According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways?
A. Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.
B. Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders. 与最后一段第一句话矛盾
C. Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.
D. Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual's life.
E. Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.
Supporting ideas
7. One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to
A. state a conclusion（x）about facts presented in an earlier paragraph
B. introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph（x）
C. qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar 限制其在相似上面的范围即是强调差异
D. show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study
这篇文章中specific study只有J一个人的，并且跟第三段讲的没有什么关系
E. demonstrate that, of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance
逻辑题：联系全文，第三段主要讲两个种群的差别
结论：细想这篇文章只要是考到细节的地方，基本上都在语言现象之后，比如转折词，表示作者主观意思的词等
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发表于 2007-12-16 18:10:00
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