background knowledge

herry

有一篇长对话是讲一种什么鸟如何保护小鸟的（有题），这种鸟在地上筑巢（有题）容易招来捕食者如狐狸。但是它自由保护方法（有三种，有题，是多选，所以要注意听）我只记得一种了，就是跑到离巢很远的地方，让狐狸以为巢在那里，等狐狸靠进的时候再飞走。这篇不是很难的。

The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.

      The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When
she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the
attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well
away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator
approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which
the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away from the true nest.

The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum
of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete
helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. Thebird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In themost extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt totake to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails toprovide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

五松

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dapangqiu

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