那个大哥告诉个答案，谢谢！This passage is based on an article written in 2000. The traditional model of employer-employee relations in the United States was a 1 “psychological contract” in which employees made long-term commitments to 2 organizations in exchange for long-term job security, training and development, and 3 internal opportunities for promotion. Beginning mainly with the recession in the early 4 1970’s, this paradigm began to unravel. Organizations began using extensive downsizing 5 and outsourcing to decrease the number of permanent employees in the workforce. Among 6 employees this situation has resulted in a decided shift in desire: in stead of working their 7 way up in an organization, many now prefer to work their way out. Entrepreneurship at 8 the small business administration are now the fastest-growing majors in business schools. 9 Several factors have generated movement from the old paradigm to the new one. 10 Organizations have had legitimate and pressing reasons to shift to a new paradigm of 11 employer-employee relations. Large numbers of permanent employees make it difficult 12 for organizations to respond quickly to downturns in demand by decreasing payroll costs. 13 The enormous rights in wrongful discharge suites has created incentives for organizations 14 to use temporary, contract, and leased employees in order to distance themselves from 15 potential litigation problems. Moreover, top management is under increased pressure 16 from shareholders to generate higher and higher levels of return on investment in the 17 short run, resulting in declines in hiring, increases in layoffs, and shortage of funds for 18 employee development. 19 At the same time, a lack of forthrightness on the part of organizations has led to 20 increased cynicism among employees about management’s motivation and competence. 21 Employees are now working 15 percent more hours per week than they were 20 years ago, 22 but organizations acknowledge this fact only by running stress-management workshops 23 to help employees to cope. Sales people are being asked to increase sales at the same time 24 organizations have cut travel, phone, and advertising budgets. Employees could probably 25 cope effectively with changes in the psychological contract if organizations were more 26 forthright about how they were changing it. But the euphemistic jargon used by executives 27 to justify the changes they were implementing frequently backfires; rather than 28 engendering sympathy for management’s position, it sparks employees’ desire to be 29 free of the organization all together. In a recent study of employees’ attitudes about 30 management, 49 percent of the sample strongly agreed that “management will take 31 advantage of you if given the chance.” 32
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 5: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. discuss the financial implications of a recent shift in attitudes among workers B. propose a new approach for businesses to increase loyalty among their employees C. defend certain business practices in light of criticism of corporations, actions in a recent past D. speculate about possible long term benefits of a recent change in the general business climate E. consider some of the factors contributing to a major shift in employer-employee relationships
Question 6: The passage suggests that which of the following is a legitimate reason for organizations’ shift to the new model of employer-employee relations?
A. Organizations tend to operate more effectively when they have a high manager- to-employee ratio. B. Organizations can move their operations to less expensive locations more easily when they have fewer permanent employees. C. Organizations have found that they often receive higher quality work when they engage in outsourcing. D. Organizations with large pools of permanent workers risk significant financial losses if the demand for their product or service decreases. E. Organizations are under increasing pressure to adopt new technologies that often obviate the need for certain workers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 7: Which of the following best characterizes the function of the final sentence of the passage (lines 30-32)?
A. It is such as an alternative explanation for phenomenon discussed earlier in the passage. B. It provides data intended to correct a common misconception. C. It further weakens an argument that is being challenged by the author. D. It introduces a specific piece of evidence in support of a claim made at beginning of the final paragraph E. It answers a question that is implicit in the preceding sentence. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 8: The passage suggests that organizations’ movement to the “new paradigm” (line 11) is based in part on the expectation that wrongful discharge suites against employers are?
A. less likely to be filed by non-managerial employees than by managers B. less likely to be filed by leased employees than by contract employees C. less likely to be filed by contract employees than by permanent employees D. more likely to be filed by employees with a long history in the organization than by newer hirers E. more likely to be filed in small organizations than in large ones
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发表于 2007-10-22 01:35:00
