请教OG10 179、187

niswzzhn

Passage 29

It was once assumed that all living things could be

divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories.

Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellu-

lar organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells

(5) have a well-formed nucles and many organelles. On the

other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which

are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between

eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of

subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ulti-

(10) mately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For

instance, they translate genetic information into proteins

according to the same type of genetic coding. But even

where the molecular processes are the same, the details in

(15) the two forms are different and characteristic of the respec-

tive forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of vari-

ous enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

The differences between the groups and the similarities

within each group made it seem certain to most biologists

(20) that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, argu-

ments pointing out the extent of both structural and func-

tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria

convinced many biologists that the precursors of the

eukaryotes must have diverged from the common

(25)ancestor before the bacteria arose.

Although much of this picture has been sustained by

more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one

respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are

significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and

(30)from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are

three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for deter-

mining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms

have produced evolutionary information about the degree

to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged

(35) from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ances-

tral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly

suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a

large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebac-

teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true

(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that

far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.

179. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?

(A)  Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.

(B)  Many species of bacteria will be reclassified

(C)  It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.

(D)  It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes. (A)

(E)   It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.

为什么选A啊？我觉得B是对的，但是答案没有解释。我觉得A里面的reevaluated这个词很怪异。

Passage 30

Excess inventory, a massive problem for many busi-

nesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable.

Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or

errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With

(5) some products—computers and software, toys, and

books—last year’s models are difficult to move even at

huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a

better product. But in many cases the public’s buying tastes

simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with

(10 ) thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no

longer wants.

One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to

sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and

then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount

(15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less

for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to

dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation

takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the

merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe,

(20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is

perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the

company’s part, and solves the problem quickly. The draw-

back is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news

media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a

(25) public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are

freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snow-

suits to the local dump. Parents of young children are

barely getting by and QPS Company dumps 1,000 cases of

disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.

(30) The managers of these companies are not deliberately

wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives.

In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible

incentive for businesses to contribute their products to char-

ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the

(35)cost of the product donated plus half the difference

between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso

that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal

government sanctions—indeed, encourages—an above-cost

federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory

to charity.

187. By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?

(A)  Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.

(B)  The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.

(C)  Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.

(D)  The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful. (A)

The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.

这道题的D为什么不对呢？我在选择的时候A和D一直拿不准。谢谢大家！

lukeleng

179

我认为这题有点怪，说简单也可以，看题目就好

看一下题目If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria following is most likely?如果用３１行提到的新技术来对生物进行分类而不是对细菌进行分类

对生物分类的选选项只有，Ａ和Ｃ，Ｃ的数量不对．

复杂再看其它选项：

再看其它选项　Ｂ不对，是问如果用来生物进行分类而不是对细菌进行分类．

Ｄ不对，true bacteria 是eukaryotes.怎么比eukaryotes老？

Ｅ第一段最后一句是说eukaryotes和 true bacteria.有共同祖先，但是先于true　bacteria分离出来

第二段最后一句是说archaebacteria早于所有true　bacteria的共同祖先，没说同true　bacteria有共同祖先．

这题同182有关联，182问作者对生物分三届的看法（原来是两界），那不就是说Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated

题外话：

最大的困惑就是在最初分类时和在研究细菌分类时引用的明词相同，而内涵已经发生了变化（后来查资料也证明了这点），在第一段中，true bacteria,bacteria都是prokaryotic ，在第二段中提到在研究细菌时发现了archaebacteria,不同于true　bacteria，注意这里文章没有说不同于bacteria，我认为做者使用名词是有问题的（或是文章被改写成这样的）：作者的意思是要表达archaebacteria其实是不同于bacteria，不仅是不同于true　bacteria．

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-16 19:53:30编辑过]

lukeleng

187

在第一段，But in many cases the public’s buying tastes

simply change, 他们知道卖不出的原因是顾客的购买愿望变了．不是产品没用了．１８８题，说如果做慈善的费用大了他们也不愿意．他们更关心的是减少损失．

niswzzhn

明白了，谢谢你。