[求助]TTGWD18-10

raikey

    The term “episodic memory” was

          introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

          considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line   the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)   to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

 (10)  memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

 (15)  examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

 (20)  scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

          jays to remember the type, location, and

          freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

 (25)  prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

 (30)  information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

          reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q10:

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

 

1. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
2. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
3. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
4. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
5. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.

Answer: ?

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raikey

我认为,文章通过"scrub jays能优先选择crickets"这一事实,证明"scrub jays拥有episodic-like memory",只有B选项能突出"优先"来.

我找到一篇相关文章, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060711094623.htm

其中有这么三段:

  To do this, they provided rats with access to locations baited with distinctive flavors such as grape or raspberry and non-distinctive flavors such as the chow the animals are usually fed. The researchers then replenished the food locations with distinctive flavors after a long but not a short delay and didn't replenish the locations with non-distinctive flavors at all.

  They further complicated the rats' choices by either pre-feeding them with the distinctive flavor so they would be full or by pairing it with nauseating lithium chloride. This "devalued" selected distinctive flavors. To the researchers' surprise, the rats then selectively decreased their return visits to the "devalued distinctive flavor" while continuing to return regularly to the flavors that hadn't been so devalued.

  By replicating the tests, the psychologists were able to show conclusively that the rats possessed "episodic-like memory," something that had never been proved in any laboratory mammal, though such behavior has been demonstrated in scrub jays.

该文同样是用"rats能优先选择食物"来证明"rats拥有episodic-like memory".

joejo9

可是，根據樓上“優先選擇食物”的觀點，答案不應當是A嗎？即 scrub jays能夠根據過去的信息（埋藏食物的時間，易腐爛程度等）來判斷自己要吃的咚咚，而不是根據當下的試吃（是否腐爛）來選擇食物。

raikey

首先,感谢楼上的参与.

B的"优先"是这么体现出来的:只要crickets没腐烂,jays不会去找peanut吃.

A中说"jays(已经知道哪个好吃的前提下)第一次retrieve时,有一些去找了peanut吃," 这个"优先"与B中的"优先"意思相反.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-6-2 16:02:12编辑过]

ktchow

I believe the answer is A: Jay retrieve the same (satisfies what) stored (satisfies where) peanuts at the first opportunity (when).

Why Not B: Retrieving "rotting" crickets would not satisfy the "what" requirement. Rotting crickets do not equal the "fresh" crickets that the Jays presumably remember
Why Not E: The question is asking what can cause Episode-Like memory. Being fed during food scarcity has nothing to do with qualifying for the 3 requirements of Episode-Like memory.

raikey

现在感觉A确实不错.
虽然B能突出"优先",但如果jays从来都没有找到过peanut,那么它们肯定找不到的.

罗马青年

我选的是A，

为什么答案是E？

这题这么多年也没有NN的确认吗？

恳请斑竹确认下答案是E还是A？

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-7-8 0:47:56编辑过]

罗马青年

为什么答案是E？

这题这么多年也没有NN的确认吗？

恳请斑竹确认下答案是E还是A？

hailie1985

顶，同问答案究竟是什么

做的时候选了A，现在看看好像应该选E

迷糊了

miaomiao_622

我觉得应该不是A，因为A说的是some,所以只是一部分。

B为什么不对？为什么是E？