[讨论]Difficult sentences, I try to update it every day. :))

simpleeyelid

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3.22

After having spent years teaching about the financial markets, I continue to find it disheartening that some students feel that global markets are far more disparate than they are similar and shy away form thinking in a more eclectic and encompassing way about the world.

3.23
    

Sprinkled through all their discussions on research is a greater focus on targeting and the federal government choosing the targets.

3.24

It is an established fact that the Archean basement complex (representing the Archeozoic era) has undergone not only complete metamorphism but also a world-wide intense folding which undoubtedly is a true folding due to world-wide diastrophism. The later Pre-Cambrian rocks (classed formerly as Huronian, then as Algonkian and more recently as Algoman, Huronian and Algonkian rocks, representing Proterozoic time) have escaped metamorphism and folding in the interior of North America but elsewhere have undergone like folding as the Archean basement complex and with few exceptions in the same sense; for example, in the eastern Canadian shield, where both are folded from the southeast (Adams). This world-wide folding of the Pre-Cambrian rocks stands in striking contrast to the localized folding of the earth crust in all later time.

3.25

Gone or in rapid decline were the values that had permeated Britain’s civil service since the great reforms of the 19th century that ended jobbery, drove out the “sickly youths” who owed their positions to family influence and set up a system of appointment on merit: officials were to be politically neutral, offering high-quality policy advice to governments of any colour.

RELIK is a fossil trace of what presumably once was an infectious virus that subsequently became endogenous, meaning it integrated into the genome and was passed from eneration to generation.

3.26

It therefore seems open to question whether Iran will continue gas exports should oil exports decline precipitously for lack of reinjection.

Assuming that cost should approach price under competition, when Irani oil costing $10 per barrel at most can fetch $64 per barrel (assuming Brent price as of this writing, $69 per barrel, and that irani oil fetches $5 less than Brent), NIOC lacks "the necessary funds" only because an Islamist welfare state strips it of the $54 monopoly rent it extracts on each export barrel.

3.27

^{The discovery, early in 1910, that the velocities of the stars are functions of their spectral types - the stellar velocities increase rapidly, on the average, as we pass from the blue stars through the yellow stars and on to the red stars - and the prevailing opinion that the stars have been evolved from nebulae, gave special interest to the search for possible relationships existing between nebular and stellar velocities.}

The great number of nebulae in the sky, their well-known grouping in regions distant from the Milky Way, the spiral structure so frequently occurring, and the question as to the place of these bodies in the evolution of the sidereal universe, all present a series of problems as yet only partially solved. A knowledge of the proper motions or of any rotational movements which these bodies may have would be of very great value in investigations as to the size and distance of the nebulae, and therefore as to their place in the structure of the visible universe.

3.28

Owing to the hazy and diffuse character of the great majority of nebulae when observed visually, the visual observations of the past, just as they have proved nearly valueless in giving an adequate conception of the form and structure Of these remarkable objects, so they are also inadequate as records of position for the determination of proper motions and rotations.

Some of the diffuse objects of the Keeler program do not admit of precise measurement; some also of the old plates are rather Poor; but when the program of repetition, commenced early in 1914, shall be completed, in 1915, sets of photographs, early and recent, with an average interval of time of about thirteen years, will be available for the determination of the proper motions or internal movements and changes of between 80 and 100 nebulae.

3.29

At a distance of one-thousand light-years, supposing mass conditions to be the same as in our solar system, a nebular structure one minute of arc in apparent distance from its nucleus, or 60 times the distance of Neptune from the Sun, would have a yearly angular movement of only
53", or a maximum yearly displacement in a given component with reference to the nucleus of only 0.015".

3.30

According to the theory of anomalous dispersion, the interpretations of solar observations in terms of absorption, motion, pressure, and level are generally misleading since the observed phenomena, such as prominences, flash spectra, flocculi, and displacements of the Fraunhofer lines are from this point of view mainly the effects of anomalous refraction in the solar atmosphere, so that in their study we are facing optical illusions.

3.31

The cadmium chloride, in a quartz boat contained in a quartz tube, was heated in a current of pure dry hydrochloric acd gas, gently at first so as to expel as much as possible of the water at a low temperature, but finally for some minutes at the fusing-point.

At the completionof the electrolysis the electrolyte was displaced with water which had been freshly saturated with hydrogen; and the water in turn was displaced with pure alcohol, the maximum voltage being maintained between the electrodes during the operations, and care being taken not to break the electrolytic circuit.

4.1

Several years ago my attention was seriously called to the need of a revision of our leafy mistletoes through inability to understand the basis of characterization that could admit to one species such different appearing plants as those from the southeastern, southwestern, and arid United States-not to mention California and Yucatan-to which the name Phoradendron flavescens is currently applied.

In the course of this study it became apparent that the great conservatism of Engelmann, who seems never to have given this genus the care that marked his study of the related genus Arceuthobium or Razoumofskya, had not only caused him to withdraw segregates of P. flavescens that he admitted at one time, but had reacted on his early colleague in the study of our southwestern plants, Torrey, to the extent of causing a number of forms which had been designated in the Torrey herbarium as new species to lie there, as they still do, without publication.

4.2
 

4.2
 

To my keen satisfaction, I then found that for the Antillean region very few forms were to be differentiated from those admitted by Urban, confirming my judgment that the large increase in our own flora rested upon previous neglect of application to them of characters which appear to be really differential, rather than to excessive optimism concerning theit separability.

Though usually not too closely applicable as between related species, the number and arrangement of the flowers on a given spike present equally characteristic differences, but with the qualification that flowers of the uppermost joints may be fewer in number and simpler in grouping than below, while one or two of the lower joints may be partly or entirely without flowers, the lowermost almost universally being reduced to a sterile peduncle.

4.3

Never found on any species of the United States, absent from threefourths of those of Mexico and Central America, but invariably present on all of the South American and West Indian species, these scales are usually confined in the latter to the basal joint of each branch, though in cases of true or cymose forking they are found on all joints-since only basal joints are then present.

4.4

Fertile plants, however, are immediately distinguishable by the position of the reproductive organs, which instead of being borne on the dorsal surface of the ordinary shoots, are formed upon the special branches which grow from the side of the midrib upon the ventral side of the main shoot, very much as in Metzgeria.

4.5

For the standard bred animal is a heterozygote in the production of which there is bound to be a constant production of 'wasters' unless either the standard is changed or the homozygote can be changed to conform with the standard, producing an animal with more color.

4.6

Although there are minor differences in artifacts, indicating well marked sub-areas-of which Barbados is one-in the different West Indies there is a certain unity which stamps them as belonging to one great culture area-the Carib-Arawak-extending through the islands from the heart of South America to Florida.

4.7

Another point is that the farther north one goes among the plains Indians the more highly developed was the method of impounding, and according to early literature the Cree were the most skillful.

4.8

Some brokerage houses, concerned about the incredible volatility in the market and the possibility that stock prices would fall below the point that remaining shares could cover the amount of the loan, gave their customers only a few hours or less to meet a margin call rather than the more typical notice of a few days.

4.9

This phenomenon was first met with material which had been fused in an atmosphere containing a large proportion of hydrobromic acid gas, but it was also found that even unfused salt which has been crystallized from concentrated hydrobromic acid solution, and which probably contains a small amount of the latter substance, hydrolyses in the same way, and, apparently to about the same extent.

4.10

The mere configuration of the present continents standing at a mean elevation of nearly 13,000 feet above sea bottom manifestly represents a vast amount of energy of position, or potential energy, and to this must be added that of the total mass which has been eroded from the continents, something like half as much as now remains.

4.11

On the hypothesis under discussion all of this temperature-excess and all of the energy of position represents heat which would have been radiated into space had all areas of the earth's surface been endowed with equal diffusivity.

Even a very small difference in diffusivity acting for a very short time would have served to outline depressions into which the incipient ocean would gather while, after a time at any rate, the presence of the ocean with its convective circulation would tend further to increase the difference in temperature between the areas of relatively great and relatively small diffusivity, which would then become oceanic basins and continental plateaus. 

4.12

At the surface, so far as rocks are concerned, such a system of stresses does not exist, and the rocks do not flow, but erosive action lends them a mobility almost equivalent to fluidity so that the net result is in some respects analogous to that which would ensue if the solid surface of the globe were replaced by a mass of hyperviscous liquid some column or columns of which had a higher temperature than the surrounding matter.

4.13

Others included a feeling after September 11th 2001 that America should vanquish any enemy that dared to defy it, and a belief that by turning Iraq into a democracy America could transform the Middle East, ending the rule of the autocrats, draining the swamp in which terrorism festered and promoting an Arab peace with Israel.

4.14

While there undoubtedly is a considerable error in making minute measurements like those here described and while there may be doubt as to the significance of some of the individual determinations yet the data when taken as a whole must be interpreted as showing the very general existence of dimorphism in size among the completed spermatozoa.

4.15

Fuchs has shown a chemical basis for the phenomenon by the difference in ease of cross-fertilization after contact of ova with sperm from the same animal and by the variation in ease of self-fertilization after certain artificial changes in the chemical equilibrium of the medium surrounding the ova, and by this work has brought the matter of selfsterility in Ciona in line with that in Angiosperms as worked out by Jost.

4.16

The specific 'Individualstoffe' I believe to reside in the pollen grains and to be in the nature of enzymes of slightly different character, all of which except the one produced by the plant itself for the use of its own pollen, or by another individual of the same genotype, can call forth secretion of the sugar that gives the direct stimulus.

4.18

Among the numerous, more or less scientifically attested, facts concerning the influence of a vegetarian diet are statements relative to an observed increase in endurance and the belief that vegetarians live upon a somewhat lower metabolic plane than do flesh eaters, who, it is asserted, are unduly stimulated by the protein in their food. The measure of the basal gaseous metabolism, which may be considered as the carbondioxide production and oxygen consumption during complete muscular repose and in the post absorptive condition, that is, at least 12 hours after the last meal, gives an admirable index of the metabolic activity.

4.18'

From the evidence cited, therefore, it may be concluded that there is no direct relationship between total body weight and total heat production, that the metabolism or heat output of the human body, even at rest, does not depend upon Newton's law of cooling, and is therefore independent of the surface area.

From the evidence gathered with the various subjects studied it is clear that the basal metabolism of an individual is a function, first, of the total mass of active protoplasmic tissue, and, second, of the stimulus to cellular activity existing at the time the measurement of the metabolism was made.

4.20

The method now in use in this country, developed by Watson and me, may be named from the nature of the stimulus and the form of reaction demanded 'the method of discriminating spectral stimuli', which involves the use of a special form of prism spectrometer with devices for selecting, spacing, reversing, and displaying any two portions of the spectrum, with means of controlling the selected stimuli qualitatively and intensively, of measuring them in photometric and energy units, and of so presenting them to the reacting animal that it may, if capable of so doing, recognize them and react appropriately.'

The method now in use in this country, developed by Watson and me, may be named from the nature of the stimulus and the form of reaction demanded 'the method of discriminating spectral stimuli', which involves the use of a special form of prism spectrometer with devices for selecting, spacing, reversing, and displaying any two portions of the spectrum, with means of controlling the selected stimuli qualitatively and intensively, of measuring them in photometric and energy units, and of so presenting them to the reacting animal that it may, if capable of so doing, recognize them and react appropriately.'

4.21

In addition, since the more intelligent representatives of the nomadic race are able, in a measure, under ordinary circumstances, where it appears desirable, to inhibit their impulses, we find that, with such people, the unstable, wandering impulse is apt to be associated with a periodic disturbance that renders inoperative the inhibitory machinery; these disturbances are not the fundamental cause of the nomadic impulse but merely permit it to show itself.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-4-22 6:47:31编辑过]

carolhide

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simpleeyelid

4.22

Neither the regular density gradient nor the presence of irregular density gradients appears to be capable of explaining simultaneously the displacements at the sun's limb and the close correspondence in wave-length of bright and dark lines without the introduction of additional assumptions.

4.23

From an examination of the variations of wavelength when the light is taken from points between the center and the negative pole, as well as from a comparison of spectra taken from the centers of two arcs carrying currents of different strength, we find that the most sensitive lines exhibit measurable displacements at considerable distance from the pole and are affected by changes of 40% in the current even when observed at the center.

4.24

With reference to these it should be stated that the aim of this investigation has been, not so much to follow the changes which the lipase produces in other substances (for example, by measuring the rate at which it causes the hydrolysis of different esters), as to study the changes in the activity of the lipase itself under various conditions, in the hope of obtaining information with regard to the chemical and physical properties of the substance or substances upon which the lipolytic actions depend.

4.25

From the investigations briefly summarized in this paper it appears that the specific character of the hydrolytic actions produced by lipases is mainly due to two effects; first, the effect of the substrate on the enzyme in causing its coagulation or precipitation, and second, the effect of the enzyme on the substrate arising from the presence in the former of special groupings which may be similar to those contained in simpler nitrogenous substances which also bring about the hydrolysis of esters.

4.29

And as the converting process has, with so high a degree of probability, been shown to be subsidence of the ocean bottom in the region concerned, and not change of ocean level during the glacial period or uplift of the ocean bottom in some other region, it appears reasonable to explain atolls as well as barrier reefs by subsidence.

5.3

The great majority of bacterial variations that have been described belong to the class of apparently adaptive modifications, whether such modification be considered as due to the direct action of the environment upon thousands or millions of bacterial cells, or to the superior advantage in the intra-cultural competition possessed by those cells that have some new peculiarity such, for instance, as that of fermenting a particular carbohydrate.

5.10

The organic world exists in the form of more or less dearly defined individuals, which may be completely isolated from others as self-maintaining organisms, or only partly isolated, like the members of a so-called colony among the lower animals and the different buds or growing tips and the parts associated with each in the multiaxial plants.

5.14

It is probable, however, that no cell or cell mass can continue to exist under ordinary natural conditions for any considerable length of time without acquiring at least a temporary gradient or gradients, for uniformity of action of external factors at all points of its surface is inconceivable, except perhaps for very short periods, and differences of action will result in a gradient or gradients.

5.31

This important result shows that the tendency of a positive halogen atom to go over into its stable negative form is not alone suffcient, as a rule, to cause the characteristic rearrangement of these compounds, but that the path to the formation of a univalent nitrogen derivative must usually, if not always, be open, this derivative being the substance that suffers the actual molecular rearrangement.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-31 8:50:09编辑过]