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仿照MUMUWA前辈： mumuwa阅读技巧示范篇——题目定位＋逻辑简图 制作 希望大家批评指正 The function of capital markets is to facilitate an exchange of funds among all participants, and yet in practice we find that certain participants are not on a par with others. Members of society have varying degrees of market strength in terms of information they bring to a transaction, as well as of purchasing power and creditworthiness, as defined by lenders.
For example, within minority communities(提取关键词), capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions; they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States.(精读各段首句内容,因为首句中考点密集) The financial system does not generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for underwriting economic development in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a rationing mechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financial resources. This creates a distributive mechanism penalizing members of minority groups because of their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite socially based investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influence the allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tends to increase the inequality of income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of income distribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investment.
(大段略读，原因是前面有一个大大的For example，实际上后面的六道题目均未对本段首句以外的内容出题，或均为干扰选项内容)
Most traditional financial-market analysis studies
ignore(-) financial markets’ deficiencies in allocation
because
of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition. Conventional financial analysis pays
limited(-) attention to issues of market structure and dynamics, relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution. Market participants are viewed as acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight about capital-market behavior. Also(顺承,整句略读), it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has the same access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preference appropriate to his or her individual interest.
Moreover(顺承,整句略读), it is assumed that
transaction costs for various types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally divided among all community members.
276. The main point made by the passage is that 主题题：定位在(P1S1),P3S1S2 (A) financial markets provide for an optimum allocation of resources among all competing participants by balancing supply and demand
(文中不存在) (B) the allocation of financial resources takes place among separate individual participants, each of whom has access to the market
(老观点中的内容) (C) the existence of certain factors adversely affecting members of minority groups shows that financial markets do not function as conventional theory says they function ****deficiencies in allocation, … market structure and dynamics, relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution**** (D) investments in minority communities can be made by the use of various alternative financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds
(3P Moreover句中，老观点细节) (E) since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments
are not equally apportioned among all minority-group members, the financial market is subject to criticism (老观点Moreover句中细节)
277. The passage states that traditional studies(定位于3P) of the financial market overlook imbalances in the allocation of financial resources because
(各段首句中的因果关系尤其要注意) 直接事实题：定位于P3S1 (A) an optimum allocation of resources is the final result of competition among participants
(隐藏的最高级, optimum adj.最适宜的) (B) those performing the studies choose an oversimplified(-) description of the influences on competition ****Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore(-) financial markets’ deficiencies in allocation
because
of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.**** (C) such imbalances do not appear in the statistics usually compiled to measure the market’s behavior
(无) (D) the analysts who study the market are unwilling to accept criticism of their methods as biased
(无) (E) socioeconomic difference form the basis of a rationing mechanism
that puts minority groups at a disadvantage
(实际上是P2的内容)
278. The author’s main point is argued by 结构型主题题：根据选项判断题型 P3S1 (A) giving examples that support a conventional generalization
(应该是counter吧) (B) showing that the view opposite to the author’s is self-contradictory
(无) (C) criticizing the presuppositions of a proposed plan
(无) (D) showing that omissions in a theoretical description make it inapplicable in certain cases **** Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore(-) financial markets’ deficiencies in allocation because of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.**** (E) demonstrating that an alternative hypothesis more closely fits the data
(根本就没有hypothesis或者explanation，而data更是无从谈起)
279. A difference in which of the following would be an example of inequality in transaction costs
as alluded to in lines 44-47(P3 Moreover句,文章最终句)?
信息题：P3S5，(P1S1) (A) Maximum amounts of loans extended by a bank to businesses in different areas (B) Fees charged to large and small investors for purchasing stocks ****Moreover, it is assumed that transaction costs for various types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally divided among all community members.**** ****
The function of capital markets…**** (C) Prices of similar goods offered in large and small stores in an area (D) Stipends paid to different attorneys for preparing legal suits for damages
(E) Exchange rates in dollars for currencies of different countries
280. Which of the following can be inferred about minority communities on the basis of the
passage?
信息题：P2S1 (A) They provide a significant portion of the funds that become available for investment in the financial market. (B) They are penalized by the tax system, which increases the inequality of the distribution of income between investors and wage earners. (C) They do not
receive the share of the amount of funds available for investment that would be expected according to traditional financial-market analysis. **** For example, within minority communities, capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions; they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States.**** (D) They are not granted governmental subsidies to assist in underwriting the cost of economic development (E) They provide the same access to alternative sources of credit to finance businesses as do majority communities.
281. According to the passage, a questionable assumption of the conventional theory(定位在P3立场是老观点) about the
operation of financial markets is that
直接事实题：直接事实题主要考察定位准确！丝毫不变化！ (A) creditworthiness as determined by lenders is a factor determining market access (P1段中内容) (B) market structure and market dynamics depend on income distribution
(老观点中忽略的内容) (C) a scarcity of alternative sources of funds would result from taking socioeconomic factors into consideration
(本应该是P2的内容) (D) those who engage in financial-market transactions are perfectly well informed about the market ****Market participants are viewed as acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight about capital-market behavior.**** (E) inequalities in income distribution are increased by the functioning of the financial market
(P2中的内容)
282. According to the passage, analysts have conventionally tended to view those who participate in financial market as 直接事实题：直接事实题主要考察定位准确！定位于P3老观点 (A) judging investment preferences in terms of the good of society as a whole (B) influencing the allocation of funds through prior ownership of certain kinds of assets (C) varying in market power with respect to one another (D) basing judgments about future events mainly on chance (E) having equal opportunities to engage in transactions ****Also, it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has the same access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preference appropriate to his or her individual interest.****
文章总结 1.套路：本文为新老观点对比型套路，虽然首段内容有点像现象解释……，但是综合第三段考虑可以认定本文的套路 2.阅读取舍，第二段除首句之外全部略读，三段顺承部分先期略读，后由内容定位可以仔细精读 3.逻辑简图 P1：观察一种现象，得到一种观点（解释）——没有直接出题 P2：举例论证观点
For example, minority communities
——只有首句出题280题 P3：批判传统观点
traditional(-) ignore(-) limited(-) Also assume Moreover assume ——六题落在这个段落
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