GWD 26-Q7 to Q9

FlowerJay

GWD 26-Q7 to Q9

There is no consensus among

researchers regarding what qualifies a

substance as a pheromone. While most

Line agree on a basic definition of pheromones

(5) as chemicals released by one individual

   of a species which, when detected by

   another individual of the same species,

   elicit a specific behavioral or physiological

   response, some researchers also specify

(10) that the response to pheromones must be

   unconscious. In addition, the distinction

   between pheromones and odorants—

   chemicals that are consciously detected

   as odors---can be blurry, and some

(15) researchers classify pheromones as a

type of odorant. Evidence that pheromone

responses may not involve conscious odor

perception comes from the finding that in

many species, pheromones are processed

(20) by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory)

    system, which uses a special structure in

the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),

to receive chemical signals. The neural

connections between the VNO and the

(25) brain are separate from those of the main

olfactory system, whose processing of

odorants triggers sensations of smell. But

while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-

(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the

VNO quality as pheromones. For example,

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from

earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via

(35) the VNO, and they use this signal to track

their prey.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7

It can be inferred from the passage that

in classifying pheromones as a type of

odorant, the researchers referred to in

line 15 posit that

A.       pheromones are perceived

consciously

B.        most pheromones are processed

by the VNO

C.       most chemical signals processed

by the VNO are pheromones

D.       Pheromone perception does not

occur exclusively between mem-

bers of the same species.

E.        pheromones do not always elicit

a specific behavioral or physio-

logical response

answer:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q8

According to the passage, the fact that

pheromones are processed by the VNO

in many animal species has been taken

as evidence of which of the following?

A.     The accessory and main olfac-

Tory systems are not separate

B.     Odorants and pheromones are

not distinct types of chemicals.

C.     Odorants and pheromones both

elicit a specific behavioral

response.

D.     Pheromones do not trigger con-

scious sensations of smell.

E.      Pheromones aid animals in track-

ing prey.

Answer:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q9

The primary purpose of the pas-

sage is to

A.     compare and contrast the ways

in which the vomeronasal organ

and the main olfactory systern

process chemicals.

B.     summarize the debate over the

role the vomeronasal organ

plays in odor perception

C.     present some of the issues

involved in the debate over

what constitutes a pheromone

D.     propose a new definition of

pheromones based on recent

research

E.      argue that pheromones should be

classified as a type of odorant

answer:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

louis_huang

我觉得LS对这篇文章的理解有些偏差,我表达一些我的看法,大家讨论.
该文先讲述了什么物质可以被界定为信息素没有定论，各种人有不同的定义，其中一些人具体化认为信息素response是unconcious的，另一些人认为信息素可以看作一种气味（而气味是concious察别的）；但从许多物种的研究发现，信息素被v系统（接触嗅觉的系统）处理，利用VNO来接收，VNO与大脑的连接与嗅觉系统是分开的（意味着信息素不是一种气味）。但是，不是所有动物的信息素都是VNO处理的（意味着仍有可能是一种气味）,后举了个鲨鱼的例子来support。
从文章脉络来讲,就是主要先讲了对于信息素的定义没有定论,各种科学家的观点,然后针对一些人认为信息素可以看作一种气味的这个观点展开论述"and some researchers classify pheromones as a type of odorant. Evidence...", 先反驳了(虽然文章没有转折词,但根据意思是反驳了上述观点),通过VNO的介绍,后又说不是所有动物的信息素都是VNO处理的,暗含作者是支持信息素是一种气味这种说法的.由此可以看出E选项肯定要比C项要好,文章主要就是argue信息素是一种气味这个观点.
至于有人说constitute可以理解成"作为..."(我好像在上面哪楼看到的),我查了下维基,发现没有这个解释,所以C项说讨论了是什么组成了信息素,显然不对.因为文章根本没在说信息素的组成.
另附上维基对于constitute的解释:
1.To cause to stand; eg: Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority.-- Jeremy Taylor.
2. To make up, to compose; eg: Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction.--Johnson.
3.  To appoint, or to make and empower. eg: Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine.-- William Wordsworth.

FlowerJay

这道题的7，9极为郁闷。。。 7的答案A我觉得很牵强。。。 9我选不出来。。。 请高人指教

FlowerJay

强烈召唤阅读达人！

wei_wangyan

some researchers also specify

(10) that the response to pheromones must be

  
                    unconscious. In addition, the distinction

   between pheromones（P） and odorants（O）—

   chemicals that are consciously detected

   as odors---can be blurry, and some
                

(15) researchers classify pheromones as a

type of odorant. Evidence that pheromone

responses may not involve conscious odor

perception comes from the finding that in

many species,

Q7

It can be inferred from the passage that in classifying pheromones as a type of odorant, the researchers referred to in line 15 posit  that 信息题

A）pheromones are perceived consciously
            

这个题偶是这样想的：

问题的意思是：L15提到的researchers在classifying pheromones as a type of odorant时做了个什么假设？

这一段文字中包括两帮researchers的意见：第一帮认为response to pheromones 是unconscious；第二帮人认为P和O（consciously detected）的区别不明显，既然没啥区别，那么因为O是consciously detected，所以P也是consciously detected的，得出结论P是O的一种classifying pheromones as a type of odorant。

蓝亮部分就是答案A了。

说得好像很乱哎，偶不是什么NN，是昨天刚刚做完这套题，碰巧了。呵呵

昨天看到LZ对这套题的第4题（逻辑）分析得很好，受益匪浅啊！

wei_wangyan

GWD 26-Q7 to Q9

There is no consensus among

researchers regarding what qualifies a 这个qualify在这里究竟应该怎么讲，偶弄不明白。

substance as a pheromone.
                While most
                

Line agree on a basic definition of pheromones

(5) as chemicals released by one individual

   of a species which, when detected by

   another individual of the same species,

   elicit a specific behavioral or physiological

   response, some researchers also specify
                

(10) that the response to pheromones must be

   unconscious. In addition, the distinction

   between pheromones and odorants—

   chemicals that are consciously detected

   as odors---can be blurry, and some
                

(15) researchers classify pheromones as a

type of odorant. Evidence that pheromone

responses may not involve conscious odor 注意这一句话

perception comes from the finding that in

many species, pheromones are processed

(20) by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory)

    system, which uses a special structure in

the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),

to receive chemical signals. The neural

connections between the VNO and the

(25) brain are separate from those of the main

olfactory system, whose processing of

odorants triggers sensations of smell. But

while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-

(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the

VNO quality as pheromones. For example,

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from

earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via

(35) the VNO, and they use this signal to track

their prey.

 

这个题偶不知道理解的对不对，选E，虽然偶一开始选成了D，好像有些人选C。

文章前半部分是讲了几帮researchers对于P的不同定义，到第15行的时候出现的是7题中的那一帮人的观点，L16-19很重要，其实就是推翻7题中的A假设，再往后就是进一步解释了（说实话，偶看不太懂这后面的一堆）

这样的结构只有E比较合适。C不对，因为文章并没有讲what constitutes a pheromone，没讲构成物质是啥东西；D也不对，propose a new definition，虽然文章的确有些definition，但是重点在后半部分argue that pheromones should be classified as a type of odorant，就是不同意那帮人将P和O划为一类。

 

 

好乱啊，LZ将就着看看，能对你有启发就好了。

FlowerJay

谢谢楼上回复那个逻辑题，我又想了想，似乎说公园的那个不对。。。因为那选项有一个假设，说facility就是camping equipment，但是实际上未必。 用AA的思路来看，C里面有了两个gratuitous assumption，一个是同前，还有一个就是说公园买了，visitor就不买了。 而B呢，其实并没有直接否定条件。题目说generally,经济好了，人们买贵的；B说，在这个country人们去旅游，也就是说这个国家是个特例。所以俺支持B...

FlowerJay

还有第九题。。。俺不会阿。。。555

wei_wangyan

第五楼就是讲的第9题呀，汗~~~~

看来偶真是没讲明白，连哪个题都看不出来了。。。

其实那个逻辑题偶最终被C折服了，虽然很是困难。

因为C更贴切：

1、facility：用复数facilities时，buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose.用来camping and hiking那种整套的东东就叫作facilities；

2、national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done注意这个most...公园是这种活动的主要场所，公园里都配了，个人就不需要买了。还是如你所说，如果硬要说公园也需要去shop呀，那么就是抬杠了。

3、原文是the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales，这里要注意expect，不是需要must be true的信息啊。

4、lawyer也是选C（个人崇拜导致最后选C，嘿嘿）

关键理解B的意思.B是说经济好的时候,那些经济不好时去campping的人倾向去外国度假.B说的是经济不好时去campping的人,而结论指的是经济好的时候去camping,导致销售增加的人.范围不同.当然也许这其中有交叉,但毕竟不是同个范围的人.所以不是答案.

C指出两点:一是 camping and hiking 设备的销售主要在中央公园,二是该公园的这些设备的供应量可能增加,从而使原文结论的说服力增加.故是答案

melodyxu

Q7 :

But while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,not all chemical signals transmitted via the
   VNO quality as pheromones.（可排除BC）

 

a basic definition of pheromones
   (5) as chemicals released by one individual
   of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response
   （排除DE）
   

 

A 选项和Q9 是有联系的。 因为文章主要是要阐述P 这种物质应该归为Odorant , 所以P肯定是   perceived
     consciously滴。 再有整个second paragraph 其实都是在阐述这个point 只是说的比较隐晦。 开头说有些科学家认为P应该是Odorant 的一种。接着说通常认为P不是Odorant的一种是因为VNO如何如何。但是紧接着又说“But
     while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-

(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the

VNO quality as pheromones”  这就其实在反驳上面说P不是Odorant 一种的理论依据。

 

觉得这个作者也是很weaken 的一种辩驳方式， 害大家读的这么辛苦

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-

(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the

VNO quality as pheromones”  这就其实在反驳上面说P不是Odorant 一种的理论依据。

 

觉得这个作者也是很weaken 的一种辩驳方式， 害大家读的这么辛苦

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-1-14 6:56:45编辑过]

alwaysnowman

我觉得，虽然很痛苦，但是我还是看懂了这篇文章。

这篇文章的逻辑思路：

1）作者提出几种观点

2）其中一种观点（ph不含有意识的香味摄取）的证据是：ph是vo处理的,vo是和嗅觉系统分离的。

3）但是作者马上反驳这个证据，其实也是反驳这个观点，说不是所有ph都是vo处理，vo处理的也不全是ph。所以作者的观点是ph是含有意识的香味摄取（这就是7和9答案的来源）。