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作文模板
Argument结尾模板
模板一
In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to show that .
Moreover, . To better evaluate this argument, we would also have to know .
模板二
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his idea should not be adopted. If he wishes his idea to be of any value, he has to take the following condition into consideration: .
模板三
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better the argument, the author would have to show that . To better evaluate this argument, we should .
模板四
With some essential information still in absence, there is no ground to support the conclusion. Therefore, it is questionable whether .
模板五
In conclusion, the persuasiveness of the argument made by the author is undermined by the lack of fairness in the reasoning that .
模板五
In an attempt to , the article claims that . The evidence cited is that . Additionally, the author points out that . This argument is unconvincing because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the author’s conclusion.
模板六
The survey that indicates lead the author to predict that . Moreover, the author argues that .
This argument is problematic in three important respects.
模板七
The conclusion of this argument is that .The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that . In the second, the author points out that . This argument is problematic for a couple of reasons.
模板八
The speaker proposes that . Two reasons are offered in support of this argument. First, . Second,
. The argument is unfounded because the speaker oversimplifies the problem and its solutions.
模板九
Based upon a correlation between A and B , the author argues that . The author further argues that .
The author’s reasoning is unconvincing, since it suffers from two critical problems.
模板十
According to this newspaper article, .
The author supports this claim by pointing out that . Furthermore, the author reasons that . Despite these impressive statistics, I am unconvinced by this argument for two reasons.
概括性陈述题模板：
一： 反对
The speaker here asserts/maintain/consider that . However, I disagree with the speaker for some obvious reasons.
One of the reason why I have such a view is (原因一 ) .To illustrate this point, there is an example that is very persuasive: （举例）.
Secondly, from a practical point of view,
(原因二). We can see that .（举例）
Admittedly, 作者的观点也有什么优点. However, its disadvantages certainly outweigh its advantages.
In conclusion, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that .
二： 同意
The discussion of the issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the speaker and there are many instances supporting my view.
To begin with, . There is a good example to show that .
Further support can be found in the case that . If you see that , you can understand it more deeply.
The third and very important reason is that . For instance, .
In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them. So, any thinking person must believe that .
三： 反对
Contrary to the speaker’s statement, my view is that . My position well supported by common sense and by observation.
Regarding the first reason, .
There is a good example to show it: . Furthermore, .
As for the second reason, .
For instance, .
Moreover, . Admittedly, .
Based on the above analysis, I disagree with the opinion that .
补充:写作用词
支持:
support
bolster
endorse
uphold
fortify
concord
corroborate
countenance
reinforce
strengthen
enhance
sustain
反对:
disapprove
dissent
oppose
condemn
dispute
resist
impugn
counter
controvert
antagonistic
combat
gainsay
两者比较题模板：
一：
Which is better: A or B ? Different people have different answers due to their respective point of view. However, I shall agree that B is better than A, for the reasons addressed below.
To begin with, . In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example: .
Second, . For example, .
Third, . The reason for this is that .
In conclusion, due to the above-mentioned reasons, I believe that .
模板二：
This controversy describes the dilemma faced by many people in this era. As far as I am concerned, I support B, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to support it.
There are numerous reasons why I support B. And I will in here explain a few of the most import ones. The main reason is that . For example, .
A further reason why I support B is that . There is a good example to show that .
A on the other hand, also has some benefits, such as . But its advantages are no more than its disadvantages. We can see this clearly in a case that .
From the above discussion, we see that even though the dilemma still exits, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that .
模板三：
The issue of whether to choose A or choose B is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between . The choice, nevertheless, is not easy to make. In my view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations.
A is very important under some circumstance, for example, .
On the other hand, .
B is sometimes important as well. We can see that . On the other hand, .
In sum, decision should be made an a case-by-case basis, .
是否选择题模板
一：
Whether AAA should or should not be done is a hot debated problem in that it affects everybody in his daily lives. Careful consideration leads me to believe that .
First of all, I believe that .
A small example could give some light to this point. It is said that .
Secondly, I believe that .
Sometimes, for example, .
Last but not least, .
As we know, .
In conclusion, it is my opinion that .
二：
Determining whether AAA should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. On balance, my view is that AAA should not be done in modern society.
First, it goes without saying that .
In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example: .
Second, . A case in point is that .
Finally, . For example, .
So, based on the above discussion, it is not difficult to get the conclusion: .
因果关系题模板：
一：
To begin with, the author’s line of reasoning is that A was the cause of B. However, although A coincided with B, it does not establish a general causal relationship between A and B. For example, it is quite possible that . Thus, .(结论错误)
二：(它因)
This article concludes that . Very likely and but not necessarily, other factors such as (其他因素) are ignored as possible causes for B. The argument can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to B.
三：（两事根本没因果关系）
The argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one event follows another, the second event has been caused by the first. The mere fact that A occurs before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and B.
另一种表述：
To begin with, this argument is a classic instance of “after this, therefore because of this” reasoning. The mere fact that A preceded B is insufficient to conclude that A was the cause of B. Many other factors could bring about these same results. For example, （一个他因）. In addition, (另一个他因).
无证明的假设：
一：
Second, the author assumes that B was caused by A. However, no evidence has been given to substantiate this assumption. It is also possible that other factors might contribute to the B. For instance, . So, the author’s failure to consider and rule out other possible factors that might influence the result renders this argument suspects.
二：
To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that . however, the author provides no evidence that this is the case. It is possible that .
类比关系：
if it works for A, it will work for B.
In the first place, the argument depends upon a misleading comparison between A and B. A .（A的情况） On the other hand, B .(B的情况)
另一种表述：
These two businesses are too dissimilar for meaningful comparison.
The author assumes that what is true of A will likewise be true of B. But there are all kinds of important differences between A and B. We cannot safely assume that .
时间上的前后 两年前，两年后
时间的跨度 一个星期够不够长
整体和局部：整体会增加，不一定每部分增加
孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型
逻辑问题分析论证句式：
1. The fact that…does not necessarily imply that…
2. Factors such as…all have some bearing on…
3. Economy, as we know, is influenced by the combination of a host of factors, local, national and international, political, social, and technological.
4. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented…
5. But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.
6. According to…, but there is no evidence whatsoever to show…
7. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to which…
8. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that…
9. But any conclusion at this stage is premature in absence of a comprehensive examination of…
10. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.
11. The arguer employs two lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion.
12. To support this claim, the editorial cites statistics indicating that…
13. As it stands, this argument suffers from three critical flaws.
14. In this argument, the planning department of an investment firm reaches the conclusion that…
15. The basis for this recommendation is the expectation that…
16. While this argument has some merit, there are a few assumptions that deserve attention.
17. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from…is representative of …
18. To begin with, this argument depends on the assumption that…
19. Not only does the arguer fail to…, he also fails to…
20. However, while the poll establishes a correlation between…and…, and also indicates a correlation, though less significantly, between…and…, it does not establish a general causal relationship between…
1. To join two independent clauses, use a comma followed by a conjunction, a semicolon alone, or a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier.
11 Rules of Writing Created by Junket Studies
RULE 1 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
The delivery boy knew he carried strange cargo, but still ventured off unafraid.
The delivery boy knew he carried strange cargo, but he still ventured off unafraid.
My math teacher doesn't know how to lecture, she should have remained a student.
My math teacher doesn't know how to lecture; she should have remained a student.
Gregor has not changed physically; but has given himself an excuse to separate himself from the pain of previous experiences.
Gregor has not changed physically; however, he has given himself an excuse to hide from the pain of previous experiences.
2. Use commas to enclose nonrestrictive phrases, which are not essential to the sentence's meaning.
RULE 2 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
The bus driver with her ears tuned to the roar decided to take the grumbling bus on a detour across the football field.
The bus driver, her ears tuned to the roar, decided to take the grumbling bus on a detour across the football field.
My window as dirty as it is reveals the beauty of nature on a snowy morning.
My window, as dirty as it is, reveals the beauty of nature on a snowy morning.
King and Lucille, his customized black Gibsons have electrified audiences all over the world.
King and Lucille, his customized black Gibsons, have electrified audiences all over the world.
3. Do not use commas to bracket phrases that are essential to a sentence's meaning.
RULE 3 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
The man, who has too many ties, has too few necks.
The man who has too many ties has too few necks.
The cats, with six toes, are a unique attraction of the tour of Hemingway's house.
The cats with six toes are a unique attraction of the tour of Hemingway's house.
4. When beginning a sentence with an introductory phrase or an introductory (dependent) clause, include a comma.
RULE 4 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
After buying the five pound jar of marshmallow spread he set off in search of a bulk portion of peanut butter.
After buying the five pound jar of marshmallow spread, he set off in search of a bulk portion of peanut butter.
With this he bestows the responsibility of his own happiness on his mother and father.
With this, he bestows the responsibility of his own happiness on his mother and father.
As she begins to gain independence it is natural for Grete to regard the idea of dependency as repugnant.
As she begins to gain independence, it is natural for Grete to regard the idea of dependency as repugnant.
5. To indicate possession, end a singular noun with an apostrophe followed by an "s". Otherwise, the noun's form seems plural.
RULE 5 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
Though the lobsters claws were bound, the creature made a threatening gesture as they dropped it in the pot.
Though the lobster's claws were bound, the creature made a threatening gesture as they dropped it in the pot.
In a democracy, anyones vote counts as much as mine.
In a democracy, anyone's vote counts as much as mine.
There is a vast age difference between Victors mother and father.
There is a vast age difference between Victor's mother and father.
6. Use proper punctuation to integrate a quotation into a sentence. If the introductory material is an independent clause, add the quotation after a colon. If the introductory material ends in "thinks," "saying," or some other verb indicating expression, use a comma.
RULE 6 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
Tumbling down the hill, Jack yelled: "Gosh, I'm sick of this."
Tumbling down the hill, Jack yelled, "Gosh, I'm sick of this."
Her letter spoke to him in harsh tones, "You never fail to repulse me."
Her letter spoke to him in harsh tones: "You never fail to repulse me."
He views the problem as a slight delay or a sickness that will eventually disappear, "I will go back to sleep for a few minutes and forget all this nonsense."
He views the problem as a slight delay or a sickness that will eventually disappear: "I will go back to sleep for a few minutes and forget all this nonsense."
7. Make the subject and verb agree with each other, not with a word that comes between them.
RULE 7 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
The Thanksgiving dinner, right down to the beautiful centerpiece, were devoured by the escaped grizzly.
The Thanksgiving dinner, right down to the beautiful centerpiece, was devoured by the escaped grizzly.
The cart, as well as its contents, were gone.
The cart, as well as its contents, was gone.
The girl, along with her classmates, like the new teacher.
The girl, along with her classmates, likes the new teacher.
8. Be sure that a pronoun, a participial phrase, or an appositive refers clearly to the proper subject.
RULE 8 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
Its hump decorated in strings of flowers, the programmer rode the camel through the food court.
The programmer rode the camel, its hump decorated in strings of flowers, through the food court.
Filled with bad gas, he drove his car to Tucson despite the knocking.
Although it was filled with bad gas, he drove his car to Tucson despite the knocking.
9. Use parallel construction to make a strong point and create a smooth flow.
RULE 9 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
I was glad to be departing for Australia but I was nervous when I left my apartment.
I was glad to be departing for Australia but nervous to be leaving my apartment.
The system excels at tasks such as communicating with other computers, processing records, and mathematical calculations.
The system excels at tasks such as communicating with other computers, processing records, and calculating mathematical equations.
10. Use the active voice unless you specifically need to use the passive.
RULE 10 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
A refund was given to him by the hair regeneration company.
The hair regeneration company gave him a refund.
A good score was achieved by the team.
The team achieved a good score.
A box of chocolates and a dozen roses were presented to the girl by her boyfriend.
The boyfriend presented a box of chocolates and a dozen roses to the girl.
11. Omit unnecessary words.
RULE 11 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct
I would like to assert that the author should be considered to be a buffoon.
The author is a buffoon.
It would be safe to say that Gregor Samsa is not the only character in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis to undergo drastic changes.
Gregor Samsa is not the only character in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis to undergo drastic change.
Before going to the supermarket, we made a list of the groceries we needed in order to make the food that we intended to eat for dinner.
Before going to the supermarket, we made a list of groceries that we needed to prepare dinner.
第一宗罪：无因果联系
Model 1
a) First of all, the author commits the “After Of This, Therefore, Because Of This” fallacy.
b) The author assumes that A caused B.
c) The line of the reasoning is that because A before B, the former event caused the latter.
d) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.
e) For example, perhaps A1 is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by A2.
Model 2
a) First, the argument relies on the assumption that A has caused B.
b) The author uses the statistical relationship//positive correlation between A and B to establish causality.
c) However, a statistical relationship//positive correlation does not mean causality.
//The fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.
d) There may be other factors that could have caused B/contributed to B.
e) Such as A1, A2, and A3.
Model 3
a) First, the author fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact A and the claim B.
b) The fact that A coincide with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.
c) This argument is unacceptable if there is no compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events.
A) This argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of---// the author oversimplifies the cause of---.
B) This argument is based on hasty generalization // suffers from a fallacy of overgeneralization.
第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample
Model 1
a) In the first place, the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it.
b) ONE EXAMPLE is rarely sufficient to establish a GENERAL conclusion.
c) Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.
d) In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
Model 2
a) First, the mere fact that ---is insufficient evidence to conclude that----.
b) The statistics from ONLY A FEW RESENT YEARS are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends.
c) It is possible that---.
Model 3
a) Finally, the argument is unwarranted for the flaw of “Insufficient sample” fallacy.
b) Based on a specific example of A1 and only three courses, it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all A .
c) It is possible that --- caused --- in three specific course in a certain school, but the arguer has never provided any evidence to indicate A2 will similar to A1.
Model 4
a) In the first place, the author provide no evidence to support the claim that A1 the population as a whole is aging and that A2 the hotel occupancy rate in general is deciding,
b) The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe the data drawn from the special region is representative of the entire country.
c) For example, if the region from which the data was gathered was Florid, it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is obvious---.
第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )
Model 1
a) In the first place, the argument is based on a false analogy.
b) Analogies draw between A and B are highly suspect because there are many serious differences.
c) While A ----, B----.// For example, A----, however, B----.
d) Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do---.
Model 2
a) To begin with, the reason/argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to/similar to B in all respects (other than the ones listed)
b) This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there are many dissimilarities as well.
c) For example, A----, however, B----.
第四宗罪 all things are equal
Model 1
a) The author also commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”.
b) The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that ---.
c) The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations.
d) However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago.
e) Thus it is impossible to conclude that ---.
第五宗罪 Either-Or choice
Model 1
a) the author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives.
b) However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice.
c) Adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.
Model 2
a) The author unfairly assumed that – -must make an either/or choice between the two--.
b) This assumption present a false dilemma, since the two –are not necessarily mutually-exclusive alternatives.
c) Common sense tells us that --- can succeed by doing in both--.
第六宗罪 survey/poll is doubtful
Model 1
a) To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful.
b) Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results.
c) For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that --- would be highly suspect.
d) Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out these interpretations, the results of the survey are insufficient to support the conclusion.
Model 2
a) Finally, the poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative//reliable.
b) The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or how the poll was conducted.
c) Until these question are answered, the results are worthless as evidence for ---.
Model 3
A) the arguer fails to provide necessary information concerning the sample and the procedure of the survey.
B) The arguer fails to provide information regarding when, where and how the research is conducted.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
Model 1
a) First, the author unfairly assumes that --- will---,/A is necessary to B.
b) This is not necessarily the case./no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption.
c) It is possible that ----./Perhaps ---.
Model 2
a) To begin with, the author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that 作者的错误前提。
b) However, the author does not provide facts to support this argument.
c) For example, it is most likely that 相反例子。
d) Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
几种句型：
A） Given that ---has---, it is unlikely that---would---.
B） Even if it is granted that ---, another assumption must be made before we can conclude that--.
C） By concluding that---, the author assumes that--.
D） The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for--.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 15:47:13编辑过]
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京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2003-10-23 01:54:00
ersonal interviews are much too subjective and are therefore not a valid basis on which to judge a person’s qualifications for a job.”
