require的几道题目，好象一直没有参透OG10 181/109/61/191/41

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OG10 181/109/61/191/41

 

OG10

181      Because of the enormous research anddevelopment expenditures required 　to survive　in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A) to survive
(B) of firms to survive
(C) for surviving
(D) for survival
(E) for firms' survival
The subject of the main clause (such firms) presumes a prior reference to the firms in question. Furthermore, the logical subject of to survive and the logical complement of required should be made explicit. All three demands are met by B, the best choice. Choices A, C, and D, with no reference to the firms in question, meet none of these demands. In choice E, the illogical and awkward use of a prepositional phrase (for firms' survival) buries the needed initial reference to firms in a possessive modifier.

OG10

109. Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.

(A) that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are
(B) that pay for jobs historically held by women should be the same as for a job requiring comparable skills
(C) to pay the same in jobs historically held by women as in jobs of comparable skill that are
(D) to pay the same regardless of whether a job was historically held by women or is one demanding comparable skills
(E) to pay as much for jobs historically held by women as for a job demanding comparable skills

 

Choice A is best. In choice B, should is illogical after requires, or at least unnecessary, and so is better omitted; in choices B and E, job does not agree in number with jobs; and in choices B, D, and E, the wording illogically describes the comparable skills rather than the jobs as being "usually held by men." Choices C, D, and E produce the ungrammatical construction requires of... employers to pay, in which of makes the phrase incorrect. In C, the use of in rather than for is unidiomatic, and jobs of comparable skill confusedly suggests that the jobs rather than the workers possess the skills. In D, the phrase beginning regardless ... is awkward and wordy in addition to being illogical.

61. The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.

(A)  that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks

(B)  a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check

(C)  that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks

(D)  a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a depos­ited check

(E)   that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed

Choice C is best. In A and B, the plural pronouns their and they do not agree with the singular noun bank. B, like D and E, illogically shifts from the plural customers and funds to the singular check, as if the customers were jointly deposit­ing only one check. In D, requires a bank that it should is ungrammatical; requires that a bank is the appropriate idiom. In E, the use of the passive construction is to be delayed is less informative than the active voice because the passive does not explicitly identify the bank as the agent responsible for the delay.

 

191. Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits.

(A)  provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry

(B)   provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts carrying

(C)  to provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts that carry

(D)  to provide free cashing of government checks,
                creating basic savings accounts to carry

(E)   to provide free cashing of government checks,
                and to create basic savings accounts that carry

Choice E, the best answer, is the only choice that maintains parallelism with the infinitive phrases to disclose..., [to] provide ..., and to create .... In A and B, the second element lacks the infinitive marker to. Choice C loses parallelism by shifting to a participial phrase, creating .... Choice D loses parallelism by dropping the conjunction and', a modification problem results because the participial phrase creating ... attaches to the noun checks, thus distorting the meaning of the last element of the parallel construction.

41. Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied. Congress has been required to call a conven­tion for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legisla­tures of two-thirds of the states.

(A)  was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it

(B)   was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for consider­ation of possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

(C)  was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

(D)  has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

(E)   has never been applied. Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amend­ments to the document when formally asked to do so

Choices A, B, C, and D contain tense errors (the use of was never applied with has been required in A, for example), unidiomatic expressions (call... for considering), and uses of a pronoun (it) with no noun referent. By introducing the subordinating conjunction whereby, C and D produce sentence fragments. Only E, the best choice, corrects all of these problems. The predicate has never been applied refers to a span of time, from the writing of the Constitution to the present, rather than to a past event (as was does), and the

phrase is required indicates that the provision still applies. The phrase call... to consider is idiomatic, and to do so can substitute grammatically for it.

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