OG11th_RC总结 请指点！

晴天小狗

OG_RC_10

现象解释型

In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in low-paying, low-skill jobs.（现象）
            To explain this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied on the useful theory of human capital (human capital: n. 人力资本). （本段TS） According to this theory, investment in human capital—the acquisition of difficult job-related skills—generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions in their participation in the job market (as compared with (as compared with: adv.与...比较) men’s) and thus reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.

提出了一种现象，并且用一种理论老解释这种现象的成因

There were, however, differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital theory.（TS） For example, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than female taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from the segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women, there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.

提出了上述理论的缺陷

 

265.   The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are 细节推断题，对应文章P1最后一句，that could be carried out in the home.

(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees

(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home

(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees

(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home（B）

(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees

266.   Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?

(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose house were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.

(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.

(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florentine wool industry had children.（A）

(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.

267.   The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as  the author believe s that the theory is useful, 但是P2都在说他的不足。所以是部分的赞同

(A) well founded though incomplete

(B) difficult to articulate

(C) plausible but poorly substantiated

(D) seriously flawed（A）

(E) contrary to recent research

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_11

现象解释型

Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980’s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting employers account for the rise in temporary employment. One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference. （细节题）

 

1.     The primary purpose of the passage is to （main idea）

(A) present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies.

(B) explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences.

(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it. 正如文章的梗概，先提出现象，否定错误的解释，提出正确的解释，最后给出建议

(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them.（C）

(E) describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.

2.     According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned in lines 9-10?

(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980’s. 没有

(B) They may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980’s. 作者通过强对比，提出这个正确的观点

(C) They were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980’s.
            这个是author否定的观点

(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980’s. 未提及（B）

(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980’s. 没有比较是不是difficult to account for

3.     The passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the 1980’s?

(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product demand far more efficiently than they before the 1980’s. 没有提及before1980，更没有比较

(B) It increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demography groups.

(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated policies. 这个是作者后来提出的建议

(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements. （E）

(E) It increased partly as a result of workers’ reduced ability to control the terms of their employment. 正确，对应原文labor’s reduced bargaining strengths

4.     The passage suggests which of the following about the workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?

(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms. Not given

(B) They constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested. 没有

(C) They were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions. 未提及

(D) Their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of permanent employees.
            没有比较（E）

(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment.

5.     The first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following?

(A) That the number of new temporary positions would decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce.

(B) That the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions.

(C) That employers would have less control over the terms of workers’ employment as workers increased their bargaining strength.

(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased.（E）

(E) That the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce.

6.     In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line 21) most closely corresponds to which of the following phrases?

(A) Far more than can be justified by worker preferences.

(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand.

(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves.

(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy.（A）

(E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce.

7.     The passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT 细节，会原文找重现（应该是D）

(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment primarily to a certain group of people

(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees

(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions

(D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ（A）

(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_11

现象解释型

Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980’s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting employers account for the rise in temporary employment. One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference. （细节题）

 

1.     The primary purpose of the passage is to （main idea）

(A) present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies.

(B) explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences.

(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it. 正如文章的梗概，先提出现象，否定错误的解释，提出正确的解释，最后给出建议

(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them.（C）

(E) describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.

2.     According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned in lines 9-10?

(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980’s. 没有

(B) They may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980’s. 作者通过强对比，提出这个正确的观点

(C) They were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980’s.
            这个是author否定的观点

(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980’s. 未提及（B）

(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980’s. 没有比较是不是difficult to account for

3.     The passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the 1980’s?

(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product demand far more efficiently than they before the 1980’s. 没有提及before1980，更没有比较

(B) It increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demography groups.

(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated policies. 这个是作者后来提出的建议

(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements. （E）

(E) It increased partly as a result of workers’ reduced ability to control the terms of their employment. 正确，对应原文labor’s reduced bargaining strengths

4.     The passage suggests which of the following about the workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?

(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms. Not given

(B) They constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested. 没有

(C) They were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions. 未提及

(D) Their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of permanent employees.
            没有比较（E）

(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment.

5.     The first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following?

(A) That the number of new temporary positions would decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce.

(B) That the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions.

(C) That employers would have less control over the terms of workers’ employment as workers increased their bargaining strength.

(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased.（E）

(E) That the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce.

6.     In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line 21) most closely corresponds to which of the following phrases?

(A) Far more than can be justified by worker preferences.

(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand.

(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves.

(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy.（A）

(E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce.

7.     The passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT 细节，会原文找重现（应该是D）

(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment primarily to a certain group of people

(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees

(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions

(D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ（A）

(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_12

新老观点对比型

Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in the United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.

提出老观点：us companies search for legal protection from import competition

Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped(TS新观点) . As corporations begin to function globally, they develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company.

提出新观点既主题句：the quest for import relief hurt more companies than it helped

Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.

例证新观点

Perhaps the most brazen (marked by contemptuous boldness) case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt (rock salt: n.岩盐，石盐), used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for (cry for: v.吵着要, 恳求) help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.

举例证明

1.     The passage is chiefly concerned with (main idea) 对应文章的TS

(A) arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations 只是细节，某段的主题句

(B) warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences

(C) demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States government 细节

(D) advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped” products but not for other imports  未提及（B）

(E) recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices 没有recommend

2.      It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following? 细节推断，对应原文P1最后一句the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.

(A) A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.

(B) A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.

(C) A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.

(D) The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.（D）

(E) The company requesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor.

3.     The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage? 结构题
        最后一段是举例

(A) It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.

(B) It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.

(C) It discusses an exceptional case in which the results expected by the author of the passage were not obtained.

(D) It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.（E）

(E) It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.

4.     The passage warns of which of the following dangers?

(A) Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.
            未提及

(B) Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.

(C) Companies that are United States-owned but operate未提及

internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate. 未提及（D）

(D) Companies that are not United States-owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws. Correct

(E) Companies in the United States that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials. 未提及

5.     The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws?

(A) They will eliminate the practice of “dumping” products in the United States. 未提及

(B) They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States. 未提及

(C) They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations. 没有

(D) Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company. 对应原文P2最后一句（D）

(E) Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result. 错误

6.     It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the complaint mentioned in the last paragraph?

(A) The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.

(B) The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws. 正确，他没有得到想要的结果

(C) The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.

(D) The ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case.（B）

(E) Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_13

现象解释型

Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s (spiny anteater: n. 〈动〉针鼹) snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors.

 

Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle (oblique angle: 斜角(包括锐角和钝角)) and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.

 

 

1.     According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors? 细节，electrical field strengths

(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli

(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters

(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species

(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors（D）

(E) The amount of nervous activity transmitted to the brain by electroreceptors when they are excited

2.     Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph?

(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths. 没有提到electroreceptor所能感应的range

(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased. 未提及

(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus.  Correct

(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile receptors were more easily excited by a strong electrical stimulus than were the electroreceptors. 没有这个比较，只是说tactile receptor会excited by a strong electrical stimulus（C）

(E) Researchers tested small areas of the anteater’s snout in order to ensure that only electroreceptors were responding to the stimulus. 没有

3.     The author of the passage most probably discusses the function of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order to

(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’ response to electrical stimuli

(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors

(C) point out a serious complication in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters

(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals（A）

(E) introduce a factor that was not addressed in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters

4.     Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the second paragraph? 细节推断，对应原文

(A) They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli detected by their tactile receptors.

(B) They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from ant nests.

(C) They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus.

(D) They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli.（C）

(E) They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in a controlled environment than in a natural environment.

5.     The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

(A) The event they observed provides conclusive evidence that anteaters use their electroreceptors to locate unseen prey. 没有说是conclusive

(B) The event they observed was atypical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.

(C) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors. 错误，与原文相悖

(D) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for use in locating prey. 没有（E）

(E) The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone.

6.     Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19?

(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.

(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.

(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants.

(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.（B）

(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey.

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_14

结论解释

Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.

提出一种以前无法验证的观点，缺乏方法

To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate (calcium carbonate: n.[化]碳酸钙) shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.

提出一种新的研究方法 isotope16,18; ocean sediments;

As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.

新方法的优点，

However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.

    让步，其他的理论也有一些优点

 

1.     In the passage, the author is primarily interested in （main idea）

(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method

(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question

(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method

(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory（D）

(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory

2.     The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory? P1提出观点，234用新的方法验证观点

(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.

(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.

(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.

(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.（D）

(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.

3.     It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true? Isotope方法有2个优点，削弱优点即可达到目的

(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.

(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.

(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.

(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.（B）

(E) It stretched back for only a million years.

4.     According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
            relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments.

(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.

(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.

(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.

(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.（C）

(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.

5.     It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has （推断）蒸发的是iso16，so it has less oxygen18 than ocean water

(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water

(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water

(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets

(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land（B）

(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water

6.     According to the passage, which of the following is (are) true of the ice ages?       An ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years

I.      The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.

II.     Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.

III.    Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) III only

(D) I and only（C）

(E) I, II and III

7.     It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells (infer)
        shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean

(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks

(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age

(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice

(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition（E）

(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed

8.     The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to 对应最后一段 the first sentence

(A) offer a note of caution

(B) introduce new evidence

(C) present two recent discoveries

(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs（A）

(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon

9.     According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it (细节) the iso has 2 advans, 找其中一个

(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land

(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations

(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields

(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions（B）

(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_17

In 1896 a
                Georgia couple suing for (sue for: v.控告) damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three-year-old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.

引文部分，提出一种现象

The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education (compulsory education: n.义务教育) laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

由现象引出Z的书，阐述了孩子价值的变化

For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus (cash nexus: 金钱关系, 现金(交易)关系),’ although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacrelization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.

阐述可能产生这些变化的原因

In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behaviors as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.

   批判另外一种观点，siciological economics

 

1.     It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the 

(infer), ..since the child had made no real economics contribution…

(A)
            earnings of the person at time of death

(B) wealth of the party causing the death

(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death

(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed（A）

(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed

2.     It can be inferred from the passages that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who (infer)， useful child means those who contributed to the family economy…

(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection 未提及

(B) required constant supervision while working 未提及

(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family

(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school 未提及（C）

(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society 未提及

3.     Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage? (infer)  These sociologists tend to view all human behaviors as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.

(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.

(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.

(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.

(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.（B）

(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental death cases.

4.     The primary purpose of the passage is to (main idea)

(A) review the literature in a new academic sub-field 没有

(B) present the central thesis of a recent book

(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change 最后一段的对比只是细节，为更加明确书中的论点

(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon ，没有的事（B）

(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic no

5.     It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century? （infer）对应原文

(A) The average size of families grew considerably.

(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.

(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.

(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.（C）

(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.

6.     Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in

(A) the mortality rate

(B) the nature of industry

(C) the nature of the family

(D) attitudes toward reform movements（D）

(E) attitudes toward the marketplace

 

wei_wangyan

看了看你的这个贴子，才不过几天，你就总结了这么多，先佩服一下。

感觉效果怎么样？现在每天花多少时间总结阅读呢？每篇大概花多长时间？

我本打算今天开始总结的，可是一头雾水，不知从何下手，不过发现了一个mumuva的《阅读技巧示范篇——题目定位＋逻辑简图》，感觉很不错，想先用这个方法总结一篇试试。

加油！

晴天小狗

谢谢您！

感觉效果一般啊...

每天总结rc的时间不长，因为一般总结rc的时候都比较受打击，没什么信心继续下去。

不知道自己的工作是不是白费了，唉

每篇阅读大概用40分钟的时间吧，现在用pc看文章还是非常的不习惯

等您的总结出来，别忘了贴出来  取经！

usrich

牛人！！好强！！

麻烦问一下，第一篇阅读里的第五题，原文中的rather than是不是“而不是”的意思，如果我的理解正确，那选项E应该把not去掉才对啊？多谢！！！