OG11th_RC总结 请指点！

喵喵猫

真厉害,我刚做完第一遍,也在做总结,不过我没你那么细心,只是把题目的问法归纳一下,然后不同问法,再归纳一下答案的寻找形式..不知道有没有效果.呵呵。

晴天小狗

也就是说您是按照题目的类型进行总结了。这一步肯定也要走得吧

小安不是这个建议的么

喵喵猫

还没到小安的境界,只是粗略地归纳,我想再把题目积累到一定量了，再总结。

晴天小狗

OG_RC_5

新老观点对比型

Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs (a: PROFIT, REWARD b: RETRIBUTION) may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.（ＴＳ）

先说出旧的观点，进而提出新观点

Producers of the Beta format for videocassette recorders (VCR’s), for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution, Beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.

举例证明新观点　VCR's, VHS,

Despite Beta’s substantial technological head start (head start: n.领先) and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS’s share of the market. By the end of the 1980’s, Beta was no longer in production.

进一步分析例子

 

1.    The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

(A) Evaluating two competing technologies；
        仅仅是例子

(B) Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events； technology只是例子

(C) Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history；
        没提到

(D) Illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history；
        （D）

(E) Proposing an innovative approach to business planning；
            Author仅仅是论述了新老2种方法，没有proposing

2.    According to the passage, today’s successful firms, unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the greatest profits by

(A) investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology;未提及

(B) being the first to market a competing technology；
        这是老观点

(C) adapting rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm；无关项

(D) establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of competing firms；老观点（E）

(E) emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology；correct，strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format

3.    According to the passage, consumers began to develop a preference for VCR’s in the VHS format because they believed which of the following?

(A) VCR’s in the VHS format were technically better than competing-format VCR’s.；与原文相反

(B) VCR’s in the VHS format were less expensive than competing-format VCR’s. 与原文相反

(C) VHS was the first standard format for VCR’s. VCR’s was the first

(D) VHS prerecorded videotapes were more available than Beta-format tapes. （D）

(E) VCR’s in the Beta format would soon cease to be produced. 没有提到人们认为vcr会消失

4.    The author implies that one way that VHS producers won control over the VCR market was by

(A) carefully restricting access to VCR technology；这使得VCR’s失败

(B) giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in order to improve long-term prospects；没有的事，反了

(C) retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes；Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes

(D) sharing control of the marketing of VHS-format VCR’s （D）

(E) sacrificing technological superiority over Beta-format VCR’s in order to remain competitive in price；根本没说

5.    The alignment of producers of VHS-format VCR’s with producers of prerecorded videotapes is most similar to which of the following?

(A) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with another automobile manufacturer to adopt a standard design for automobile engines.

(B) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with an automotive glass company whereby (by, through, or in accordance with which) the manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile windshields only from that one glass company.

(C) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with a petroleum company to ensure the widespread availability of the fuel required by a new type of engine developed by the manufacturer.

(D) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with its dealers to adopt a plan to improve automobile design.（C）

(E) The alignment of an automobile dealer with an automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy for an advertising campaign to promote a new type of automobile.

6.    Which of the following best describes the relation of the first paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A) It makes a general observation to be exemplified.

(B) It outlines a process to be analyzed.没有 process

(C) It poses a question to be answered. 不是question

(D) It advances an argument to be disputed. 没有dispute（A）

(E) It introduces conflicting arguments to be reconciled. 未提及

 

晴天小狗

昨天陪lp待着，晚上没怎么学习 今天继续贴上来！

晴天小狗

OG_RC_6

新旧对比

Topic：3 economic development strategies in US.

During the 1960’s and 1970’s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another community’s expense: many manufacturing facilities were lured away from their moorings elsewhere through tax incentives and slick promotional efforts. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one town’s triumph could become another town’s tragedy.

60-70, attract manufactuing industries. 有缺点

 

In the 1980’s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game (A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side) to one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings: high-tech manufacturing firms employ only a specially trained fraction of the manufacturing workforce, and there simply are not enough high-tech firms to satisfy all geographic areas.

80's, hi-tech development, 但是同样存在着问题

 

Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses. Small indigenous businesses are created by a nearly ubiquitous resource, local entrepreneurs. With roots in their communities, these individuals are less likely to be enticed away by incentives offered by another community. Indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobs and fosters further entrepreneurship.

现在新的策略- hometown business,谈了他的优点

 

144.
            The primary purpose of the passage is to
            (main idea)

主要讲述了us3种时期的不同strategy, 并对其进行了评价

(A) advocate more effective strategies for encouraging the development of high-technology enterprises in the United States
            

(B) contrast the incentives for economic development offered by local governments with those offered by the private sector

(C) acknowledge and counter adverse criticism of programs being used to stimulate local economic development

(D) define and explore promotional efforts used by local governments to attract new industry（E）

(E) review and evaluate strategies and programs that have been used to stimulate economic development correct！

145.   The passage suggests which of the following about the majority of United States manufacturing industries before the high-technology development era of the 1980’s? before 80，对应文章P1

(A) They lost many of their most innovative personnel to small entrepreneurial enterprises. 未提及

(B) They experienced a major decline in profits during the 1960’s and 1970’s. 未提及

(C) They could provide real economic benefits to the areas in which they were located. T，one town’s triumph

(D) They employed workers who had no specialized skills. 未提及（C）

(E) They actively interfered with local entrepreneurial ventures. 未提及

146.   The tone of the passage suggests that the author is most optimistic about the economic development potential of which of the following groups?

 很显然，只有第三种形式，作者没有指出他的缺点，即为他支持的

(A) Local governments

(B) High-technology promoters

(C) Local entrepreneurs Correct

(D) Manufacturing-industry managers（C）

(E) Economic development strategists

147.   The passage does NOT state which of the following about local entrepreneurs? 细节，回原文找重现，不会错

(A) They are found nearly everywhere.

(B) They encourage further entrepreneurship.

(C) They attract out-of-town investors. T

(D) They employ local workers.（C）

(E) They are established in their communities.

148.   The author of the passage mentions which of the following as an advantage of high-technology development?

(A) It encourages the modernization of existing manufacturing facilities. 未提及

(B) It promotes healthy competition between rival industries.
            未提及

(C) It encourages the growth of related industries. 未提及

(D) It takes full advantage of the existing workforce. No，only a specially trained fraction（E）

(E) It does not advantage one local workforce at the expense of another.

 

晴天小狗

OG_RC_8

现象解释型文章

Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.

直接提出现象，引出下面的3个理论

The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory—the density-independent view—asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.

第一种，气候决定 climate factors

 

A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent—that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.

no.2, density dependent

 

A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved a “code” in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.

No.3,epideictic

 

1.    The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) argue against those scientists who maintain that animal populations tend to fluctuate 没有和谁argue

(B) compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic theories of population control 只是后2段的内容，只是例子

(C) provide example of some of the ways in which animals exercise reproductive restraint to control their own numbers 作者明确说了，3种理论

(D) suggests that theories of population control that concentrate on the social behavior of animals are more open to debate than are theories that do not 没有进行比较

(E) summarize a number of scientific theories that attempt to explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits

2.    It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the density-dependent theory of population control have not yet been able to 对应原文P2的challenge，同义替换

(A) use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cycles

(B) reproduce the results of the study of Christian and Davis

(C) explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population’s rate of growth decreases

(D) make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding

(E) demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated

3.    Which of the following, if true, would best support the density-dependent theory of population control as it is described in the passage? 原文：人多-rate of growth低，找同义

(A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota decrease, the growth rate of this population of foxes begins to increase.

(B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont decreases, the growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to decrease.

(C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma increases, the growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to increase.

(D) After the number of beavers in Tennessee decreases, the number of predators of these beavers begins to increase.

(E) After the number of eagles in Montana decreases, the food supply of this population of eagles also begins to decrease.

4.    According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays serve the function of

(A) determining roosting aggregations 仅仅是一个例子

(B) locating food 未提及

(C) attracting predators 未提及

(D) regulating sexual activity correct

(E) triggering hormonal changes那是No2说的

5.    The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards-theory by several studies is regarded by the author with

(A) complete indifference

(B) qualified acceptance有保留的接受

(C) skeptical amusement

(D) perplexed astonishment

 (E) agitated dismay

6.    Which of the following statements would provide the most of logical continuation of the final paragraph of the passage? 将可能举例指出WE的反例

(A) Thus Wynne-Edwards’ theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region.

(B) Because Wynne-Edwards’ theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.

(C) The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.

(D) Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population size.

(E) One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.

 

ecochem

我也在做RC的总结，可是好像没什么效果，唉！

LZ加油！

晴天小狗

我暂时也没什么效果呢，坚持住吧！

晴天小狗

OG_rc-9

现象解释型

In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.

提出问题

A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

解释存在问题的原因

1.     The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following? Main idea

(A) Recommending a methodology 无关

(B) Describing a course of study 无关

(C) Discussing a problem 正确，提出了问题并且讨论了问题的成因

(D) Evaluating a past course of action 无关（C）

(E) Responding to a criticism 没有的事儿

2.     The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a  （推断题）

(A) lack of acceptable alternatives

(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives

(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good

(D) multitude of different alternatives issues are published weekly…（D）

(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content not given

3.     The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways? 推断

(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture materials有很多

(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students无关

(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field 没说

(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture（D）

(E) By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources 没有说solely

4.     The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?
            细节推断

(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited. 对应原文，when hardly any texts in that field were available

(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.

(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.

(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.（A）

(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.

5.     According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in （推断题）

(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field 未提及

(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies 没有下这样的结论

(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture 未提及

(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies  没有说outside的事儿（E）

(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies