GWD5-18不太明白

jessiebetty

Q18:

Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.  Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.  Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.  Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.

 

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

1. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.

2. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.

3. The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.

4. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.

5. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

B,C觉得有些难以区分,怎么判断是B呢?

jessiebetty

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

1. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

2. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

3. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

4. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

5. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

A选项的意思不明白??

jessiebetty

GWD-10-Q14

Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

 

Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?

 

1. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.

2. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.

3. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.

4. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.

5. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce

请教这个题的意思和逻辑简图,谢谢拉!!

allen0018

5-18 : position = conclution

GWD-10-Q14   假设型加强

你找一个能用上新植物，能说说他的特点（免火烧） 还有产生的影响（yeast）

桥梁 

mymengming

A:People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

WA的人在R和Y引进前没有培养出SC(在R和Y引进后就停止种植)

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-31 12:58:04编辑过]

gonghao

以下是引用jessiebetty在2006-7-31 10:00:00的发言：

Q18:

Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.  Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.  Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.  Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.

 

 

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

 

1. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.

2. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.

3. The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.

4. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.

5. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

B,C觉得有些难以区分,怎么判断是B呢?

C说第一个事evidence，我们能看出，第一个boldface是一个抽象的东西，不肯能是evidence。而是个立论点。

gonghao

以下是引用jessiebetty在2006-7-31 10:54:00的发言：

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

 

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

 

1. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

2. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

3. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

4. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

5. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

A选项的意思不明白??

A：not+weaken：文中说所有有记录的主要庄稼都是外面来的。但是要排除没有记录的自己研发的庄稼，这样才能根据rice and yams 来确定外来的庄稼的时间。否则自己已经研发出来了，而后人误以为是引进的，这永远也闹不明白是什么时候的进的了，因为压根儿就是自己发明的。

gonghao

以下是引用jessiebetty在2006-7-31 11:32:00的发言：

GWD-10-Q14

Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally.
                    The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

 事件1（黄色）推出：埃及人一定是误打误撞的偶然的把酵母揉进了生面团才制出了面包

 事件2（绿色）推出：埃及人再公园前3000去年之前都没有发现发酵面包。说发现发酵面包是一个巧合。引入了一个麦子的品种，这个品种比之前的品种都好，因为它似乎不要烤，就能把麦粒给去掉。

 事件1（黄色）推出：埃及人一定是误打误撞的偶然的把酵母揉进了生面团才制出了面包

 事件2（绿色）推出：埃及人再公园前3000去年之前都没有发现发酵面包。说发现发酵面包是一个巧合。引入了一个麦子的品种，这个品种比之前的品种都好，因为它似乎不要烤，就能把麦粒给去掉。

Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?

问这两件事情联系的选项。其实事件2包括了事件1。只要解释事件2，解释通就ok。2通，1就通。

类似于架桥，争取找个选项能把事件1和2 能连接起来，并能解释通。从事件2出伐，埃及人引进了一个不要烤来去壳的品种的小麦－－－》弄去壳直接做－－》结果说是发现了发酵面包。肯定是烤对发酵有副作用，因为不烤似乎就发现了。

C说。烤了会毁掉一个东西，这个东西叫g，g是一种蛋白质必须出现再发酵面包里得。

也就是说有g就发酵，但是烤后，这个东西就毁了。和我们自己得上面得推断，吻合，找个烤对发酵有副作用得选项。

1. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.

2. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.

3. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.

4. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.

5. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce

请教这个题的意思和逻辑简图,谢谢拉!!

mymengming

以下是引用gonghao在2006-7-31 15:09:00的发言：

以下是引用jessiebetty在2006-7-31 10:54:00的发言：

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

 

 

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

 

 

1. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

2. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

3. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

4. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

5. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

A选项的意思不明白??

A：not+weaken：文中说所有有记录的主要庄稼都是外面来的。但是要排除没有记录的自己研发的庄稼，这样才能根据rice and yams 来确定外来的庄稼的时间。否则自己已经研发出来了，而后人误以为是引进的，这永远也闹不明白是什么时候的进的了，因为压根儿就是自己发明的。

斑斑此处解释有误,不是自己发明,那些东东是别人发明的,就是说自己发明的没有别人的好,别人的传进来了自己的就不要了.