gwd26-7-9

titatita

Q7 to Q9

There is no consensus among

researchers regarding what qualifies a

substance as a pheromone. 没有共识.While让步重点在后半句 most

Line agree on a basic definition of pheromones

(5) as chemicals released by one individual

   of a species which, when detected by

   another individual of the same species,

   elicit a specific behavioral or physiological

   response大多数人同意p定义为个体分泌的一种化学物质, some researchers also specify

(10) that the response to pheromones must be

   Unconsciou某些研究者认为对于p的的反应一定是无意识的.s. In addition,递进 the distinction

   between pheromones and odorants－

   chemicals that are consciously detected

   as odors---can be blurry,p＆o的区分是不明的. and some

(15) researchers classify pheromones as a

type of odorant. 一些研究者把p分类为o.Evidence that pheromone

responses p的response可能不涉及有意识的odor的证据是:p被VNO处理.may not involve conscious odor

perception comes from the finding that in

many species, pheromones are processed

(20) by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory)

    system, which uses a special structure in

the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),

to receive chemical signals. The neural

connections between the VNO and the

(25) brain are separate from those of the main

olfactory system, whose processing of

odorants triggers sensations of smell. VNO＆处理odorants的系统是分开的But 转折

while 让步the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal phero-

(30) mones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the

VNO quality as pheromones.不是所有的动物的p都通过vno,相反不是所有通过vno处理的都是p
    举例For example,

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from

earthworms－one of their favorite foods－via

(35) the VNO, and they use this signal to track

their prey.

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Q9

The primary purpose of the pas-

sage is to

A.     compare and contrast the ways

in which the vomeronasal organ

and the main olfactory systern

process chemicals.

B.     summarize the debate over the

role the vomeronasal organ

plays in odor perception

C.     present some of the issues

involved in the debate over

what constitutes a pheromone

D.     propose a new definition of

pheromones based on recent

research

E.      argue that pheromones should be

classified as a type of odorant

answer:e

mine :d

模考时因为必须选择一个选项,我选择d,但考完仔细看我觉得没有一个正确答案.e说argue that pheromones should be

classified as a type of odorant,可文章只说有些(line15)researcher把p分类为o,但其他地方都没有相关论述.

从line16开始,作者开始说findings来证明p＆o不是一回事,然后反驳说其实不是所有的动物的p都通过vno,相反不是所有通过vno处理的都是p.结果o＆p的区分还是blur啊,作者并没有argue p应该事分类为o

classified as a type of odorant,可文章只说有些(line15)researcher把p分类为o,但其他地方都没有相关论述.

从line16开始,作者开始说findings来证明p＆o不是一回事,然后反驳说其实不是所有的动物的p都通过vno,相反不是所有通过vno处理的都是p.结果o＆p的区分还是blur啊,作者并没有argue p应该事分类为o

classified as a type of odorant,可文章只说有些(line15)researcher把p分类为o,但其他地方都没有相关论述.

从line16开始,作者开始说findings来证明p＆o不是一回事,然后反驳说其实不是所有的动物的p都通过vno,相反不是所有通过vno处理的都是p.结果o＆p的区分还是blur啊,作者并没有argue p应该事分类为o

sen4sun

既然前4 个选项都明显的错误,我试着解释为什么E 是对的好了.

这题可以算是一个逻辑题了. 这题我个人认为虽然看起来ETS 节录的很不完全,不过结构其实很紧密,环环相扣的.总体来说可以感受到作者的思路.

While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some reserchers also specify  that the response to pheromones must be Unconscious
                        In addition, the distinction between pheromones and odorants－ chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some  researchers classify pheromones as a type of odorant.

 

 第一段分成三个部份, 这段是说
                    大部分科学家同意了phermones 的基本解释为生物分泌的化学物质在被人或动物察觉时会对引发这个人或动物做出/产生某种反应, 但是还有些科学家补充, 这些人或动物做出/产生的反应
                    是需要在无知觉的情况产生. (这里可以先不去管它, 作者在最后举例的实会或回到这个概念)

还有the distinction between pheromones and odorants 不是很明确, 有些科学家把pheromones归类为一`种味道. 注意这里对ordrant的解释(很重要) chemicals that are consciously detected as odors

 

接下来做这一段其实作者就是先解释为什么the distinction between pheromones and odorants 不是很明确
                    再用逻辑推论来argue phermones 其实可以被归类为 ordrant.

 

Evidence that pheromone responses. may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species- 开头很明确的解释为什么pheromones 不是order -因为
                    may not involve conscious odor perception : 这边可以看到 ETS 聪明的地方, 在第一段的三部份中也一直提到conscious 这个概念. 但是其实chemicals that are consciously detected as odors 和 some reserchers also specify  that the response to pheromones must be Unconscious
                    讲的是完全不一样的东西, 是很好的干扰元素
                    

 

接下来就是逻辑题了. 作者提出phermones 不
被认可为ordrant 的原因是pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal, which uses the vomeronasal organ (VNO), to receive chemical signals. The neural connections between the VNO and the brain are separate from those of the main olfactory system, whose processing of odorants triggers sensations of smell. -一堆废话和同位语--简单的说就是
                    may not involve conscious odor perception
                    

接下来作者就提出例子来 weaken the conclusion

while the VNO does process many animal pheromone signals, not all animal phero- mones work through the VNO. Conversely not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO qualify as pheromones.

这里用了两件事去 weaken (逻辑就不用我解释了)not all animal phero- mones work through the VNO. Conversely not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO qualify as pheromones

最后一段的例子很重要因为是用来证明not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO qualify as pheromones.

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from earthworms－one of their favorite foods－via the VNO, and they use this signal to track their prey.    违反了
                    some reserchers also specify  that the response to pheromones must be Unconscious

所以not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO qualify as pheromones

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-13 21:42:10编辑过]

sen4sun

另外想补充的是不要太执着于, 一些表态度, 转折, 顺延, 延替的关键词在文章中的功用. 一些XDF结构分析用的解释在难一点的文章中比较不适用.  such as:  while, in addtion. 在这文章中 第一个while 就比较有并列补充的功用. in addtion 并没有延伸一个态度/观念, 反而把文章转到另一个方向.

titatita

thx very much

bigtone

我觉得文章中态度好像反对把pheromones 划成odorant的；在没有更改odorant定义的前提下，它提到了finding不支持；而but后更像是VNO的补遗，而不是态度转变。

是不是对E项的理解错了呢？argue有说服、争辩两个意思，在这里应该是那个意思呢？

如果按争辩的意思解，我觉得有道理。按那个意思来，有什么规律吗？

E.     argue that pheromones should be classified as a type of odorant

hwhhs

.

sen4sun

以下是引用bigtone在2006-6-30 9:38:00的发言：

我觉得文章中态度好像反对把pheromones 划成odorant的；在没有更改odorant定义的前提下，它提到了finding不支持；而but后更像是VNO的补遗，而不是态度转变。

是不是对E项的理解错了呢？argue有说服、争辩两个意思，在这里应该是那个意思呢？

如果按争辩的意思解，我觉得有道理。按那个意思来，有什么规律吗？

E.     argue that pheromones should be classified as a type of odorant

在回答这个问题前, 我必须要问说服和争辩的不同点在哪. argue 在英英字典中的几个意思其实是蛮一致的. 我不知道你说的这两个意思的区别: 可不可以请举个例子?　中文翻译有的时候蛮玄的。　

miaomiaomiao

能不能讲讲7？？

miaomiaomiao

ding

caterpillarcn

E is definitely wrong. C is the correct answer.

There is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone|
C. present some of the issues involved in the debate over what constitutes a pheromone