详细解析OG42，给后人铺路

daydaysun

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration (backward integration: 后向合并)) and buying from independent producers.

现代生产商，他们需要稳定的原材料来源和技术先进的元件来生产，现在正面临着越来越困难的抉择：拥有这些生产厂商（这种做法被成为“后向一体化”，或者是从独立的（外部的）生产厂商那里购买（元件）【who引导的句子，是全文论述的着眼点，稳定的资源/技术的先进性】<考点分析：（1）between…and对比两种方案；（2）括号内下定义>

Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for (capacity for: ...的能力) innovative product development.

那些选择一体化的生产商（也就是owning producers的）将获得短期的回报，但是通常却限制了他们今后进行产品开发的能力。【TOPIC SENTENCE】

第1段总结：提出现象和作者态度，对“后向一体化”（owning producer）持复杂态度（大负小正）。

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizes overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits.

后向一体化消除了生产商对一些购买和市场功能的需求，使他们专注于日常开支（overhead），消除了重复性的研发。当元件是商品可以购买时（如铁金属或石油），后向一体化能提升利润（备注：“当元件可以购买时”是指这个产品本来可以从独立生产商independent suppliers那里购买，但是企业却通过拥有生产商自行生产的话，会提升利润）。【阐述其优点】<考点分析：列举，易出except题>

Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company—for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.

但是，因为产品开发意味着采纳最先进的技术和低成本高效率的方法来生产元件，后向一体化可能使技术型企业（如复杂的电子产品生产商）蒙受高风险。（备注：对缺点没有展开充分论述，预测下段将重点分析缺点）【阐述其缺点】

第2段总结： 先抑后扬，对比型论点的写法。后向一体化有4点优势，但是对于技术型企业有缺点。缺点未详细阐述。

A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology.

一个决定生产（即后向一体化）而非购买主要元件的公司，将受限于过时的技术。（备注：3段的分论点）<考点分析：（1）rather…than 强对比>

Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing.

独立供货商（Independent suppliers）可能不愿意将新技术与那些有竞争关系的组装商（assemblers）共享。（备注：难点，independent suppliers与首段的producer是相同的，是供应components的厂商；assemblers即采用后向一体化的生产商，最终生产成end products。本句意思是：如果一个组装商采用了后向一体化，合并了部分元件生产商，那么其他的独立供货商就不愿意与之分享技术，因为他们存在竞争关系）【阐述“后向一体化”的 缺点1：技术上不共享】

Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise（危害） its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products.

此外，当组装商准备去掌握一些新的技术来生产先进的元件时，由此带来的一些对资源的需求可能会危及组装商将这些先进部件成功组合到最终产品中的能力。【阐述缺点2：自愿不足，可能危及最终生产成品的能力】

Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.

而与（独立）供货商长期的合同（备注：suppliers前省略了independent，即独立供货商，此处的长期合同即buy components的合同）也能象“后向一体化”那样，获得相同的成本收益，但无需危及企业的开发能力。【对照缺点，阐述购买元件的好处】<考点分析：（1）强对比 backward integration和long-term contracts with suppliers对比>

第3段总结：详细阐述“后向合并”的缺点，并指出“购买元件”的好处。

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.

但是，不采用后向一体化(而采用和独立供货商签约购买元件)的方式也不是一个完美的解决办法。技术的发展，要求元件的独立供货商投入大量资金用于研发，这样会导致供货商在卖出元件是获得低收益，从而危及这些企业长期的财务状况。因为最终生产成品的组装商，其对市场机遇作出反应的能力极大的基于这些元件供货商，组装商经常被迫与元件供货商进行合并，从而稳定供货商，保证供货。

第4段总结：让步型写法，最后将“与独立供货商签约购买元件”也不是很好的解决办法，也有缺点， “后向合并”有其存在的合理性。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-12-28 23:47:47编辑过]

daydaysun

套路分析：结论说明型

首段末句：主题句

末端：让步型写法

难点：原文比较的两种方式在表达上用了多样化的词汇

daydaysun

257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses

(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components

(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

(D) reliability of a source of necessary components（B）

(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts

This question asks you to identify which one of the five answer choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a benefit associated with backward integration.

·       The best answer is B. The passage does not indicate how backward integration affects the profit margins on sales of components by independent suppliers. 原文说“Where components are commodities, backward integration almost certainly boosts profits.”原文表达的意思是：当元件本可以购买时，但企业却自行生产时（生产出end products），可以提高利润，而B选项却说：卖出元件可以提高利润，表达的不一样的意思。所以，og的解释说，没有地方表明后向合并能够影响独立供货商（在卖元件上）的利润。

·       Choices A, C, and E are mentioned in the passage as a benefit of backward integration.

·       Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that backward integration is a way of having a reliable source of necessary components. 定位在文章首句和文章末句。文章首句讲现代生产商需要获得稳定的原材料；而文章末句讲组装商不得不将供货商合并（backward integration），目的是just to keep their suppliers in business，即保证稳定的原料来源。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-12-28 23:55:59编辑过]

daydaysun

258. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may

(A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler

(B) experience improved profit margins on sales of their products

(C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition

(D) suffer financial difficulties and go out of business（A）

(E) stop developing new versions of the component

This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about independent suppliers of product components. 题目问组装商购买了一个元件供应商的厂，供应相同的元件的其他独立供应商会…千万注意题目问的是buy a firm，而不是buy components。

·       Choice A is the best answer. The passage asserts that independent supplies making the same components as assemblers may not share technological innovations with assemblers. 定位在原文3段，“Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing.”

·       Choices B, C, D, and E can be eliminated because there is no indication in the passage as assemblers experience improved profit margins, lower their prices, suffer financial difficulties, or stop developing new versions of the component.

daydaysun

259. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?

(A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.

(B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.

(C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragraph.

(D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.（B）

(E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.

This question asks you to choose the statement that best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage.

·       The best answer is B. At the end of the third paragraph, the author indicates that assemblers benefit from contracting with, rather than owning, independent suppliers. In the last paragraph, however, the author indicates that contracting with independent suppliers can itself present problems. Thus the last paragraph qualifies限制，有保留的 the viewpoint presented at the end of the third paragraph. 第三段都在讲后向合并的缺陷，最后一段讲有时企业为了保持供货商稳定，不得不进行合并，限制了原结论。Qualify  make (a statement, etc) less general  or extreme. 使（言语等）不过于笼统或极端。

·       Choice A is not the correct answer because the passage makes several points about backward integration, but does not present a central argument about this topic.

·       Choice C is not the correct answer because the final paragraph qualifies rather than supports an argument made in the third paragraph about contracting with independent suppliers.

·       Choices D and E are incorrect because the final paragraph does not identify questions or present a specific example.

daydaysun

260. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?

(A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.

(B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.

(C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.

(D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.（D）

(E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.

This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about the relationship between profits and investments for producers of technologically advanced components.

·       The best answer is D. The passage indicates that the high investments required to develop technologically advanced components can lead to low profit margins for producers of such components.

·       Choice A is incorrect because the passage indicates that large, not modest, investments in research and development are required.

·       Choices B and C are incorrect because the passage indicates that profit margins for producers of technologically advanced components are low, not high as these answer choice assert.

·       Choice E is incorrect: although the author claims that long-term contracts with suppliers are beneficial to assemblers, the passage does not indicate that long-term contracts with purchasers lead to high profits for producers of technologically advanced components.

daydaysun

本来有颜色标记的，不知道怎么发上来就没有了，算了，不弄了，累死我了。。。希望对大家有用。

janeeyre

支持楼主一个！

carlzhou

good

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