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1.A restaurant owner, known for her commitment to environmental conservation, surprisingly encourages her chefs and other restaurant owners to include endangered species in their menus. Despite knowing that this approach significantly increases costs and offers no profit in return, she persistently advocates for it. Explain why she would do this.
A) Including endangered species in menus raises public awareness about the plight of these animals, leading to increased conservation efforts.
B) The demand for dishes made from endangered species is on the rise, which indirectly helps to ensure their survival.
C) The use of endangered species in dishes is limited, so the overall impact on their population is minimal.
D) The restaurant owner believes that this practice will eventually lead to the artificial breeding of endangered species, reducing the pressure on wild populations.
E) Cooking with endangered species is part of a long-standing culinary tradition, which the restaurant owner wants to preserve.
2. In an experiment, rats were placed in cages with running wheels, and they voluntarily used them. When these rats were later placed in an unfamiliar environment, they exhibited severe anxiety. Scientists hypothesized that exercise activated a part of the brain controlling anxiety, leading to this behavior. Which of the following additional experiments would best evaluate this hypothesis?
A) Give the rats a sedative and observe if their anxiety levels decrease in the unfamiliar environment.
B) Place the rats in a familiar environment with no running wheel and observe their anxiety levels.
C) Offer the rats a choice between staying in a familiar environment or exploring an unfamiliar one.
D) Observe the anxiety levels of rats who have never used a running wheel when placed in an unfamiliar environment.
E) Administer a drug that specifically inhibits the part of the brain thought to be activated by exercise, without affecting other areas.
AE
During the reign of Louis XIV in 17th century France, the country's transportation infrastructure underwent significant changes. The expansion of roads and waterways facilitated the growth of commerce and trade. However, the development of railways in the 19th century revolutionized the transportation of goods and passengers, ushering in a new era of economic growth and social transformation.
In 1850, the total length of the French railway network was approximately 3,000 kilometers. By 1870, it had grown to nearly 17,000 kilometers, and by 1900, it reached around 40,000 kilometers. This rapid expansion allowed for more efficient and cost-effective transportation of goods across the country. The introduction of steam locomotives in the 1840s played a crucial role in the growth of the railway network, as they allowed for faster and more powerful trains compared to earlier horse-drawn carriages. The development of new technologies, such as the Westinghouse air brake and the Bessemer process for steel production, further enhanced the efficiency and safety of rail transport.
The average cost to transport freight by road in 1850 was approximately 0.15 francs per ton-kilometer (where 1 ton = 1,000 kilograms) for shipments less than 400 kilometers and 0.08 francs per ton-kilometer for shipments more than 800 kilometers. In contrast, the average cost for rail shipments in 1900 was approximately 0.03 francs per ton-kilometer. This significant reduction in transportation costs made rail transport more attractive for both businesses and consumers, leading to a shift in the distribution of goods and the growth of new industries.
Railway companies in France were initially private enterprises, with the first railway line between Saint-Étienne and Andrézieux opening in 1827. However, the government provided subsidies and tax incentives to encourage the expansion of the rail network, recognizing its potential to stimulate economic growth and modernize the country. From 1850 to 1900, railway companies reinvested approximately 40 percent of their total revenue to maintain and improve their tracks and machinery. The French government also played a role in the development of the railway network by granting concessions to private companies and establishing a national railway company, the Chemins de fer de l'État, in 1878.
The shift from road to rail transportation had significant impacts on the French economy and environment. It is estimated that by 1900, the use of railways for long-distance freight transport saved approximately 2 billion liters of fuel per year compared to road transport. Additionally, the expansion of the rail network reduced road congestion and facilitated the growth of industries and cities across the country. The development of railways also had social and cultural implications, as it enabled people to travel more easily and quickly than ever before, leading to increased mobility and cultural exchange. The railway network played a crucial role in the modernization of French society, connecting rural areas with urban centers and facilitating the spread of ideas and innovations.
The growth of the French railway network in the 19th century was not without challenges. Railway construction was expensive and often faced opposition from landowners and local communities who were concerned about the impact on their properties and way of life. Accidents and safety concerns were also common, particularly in the early years of railway development, leading to the introduction of new regulations and safety measures. Despite these challenges, the railway network continued to expand, and by the early 20th century, France had one of the most extensive and advanced railway systems in the world, with a total length of over 50,000 kilometers.
The impact of the railway network on the French economy and society was far-reaching and long-lasting. The reduced transportation costs and increased efficiency brought about by rail transport led to the growth of new industries, such as steel production and manufacturing, and the expansion of existing industries, such as agriculture and textiles. The railway network also facilitated the development of new urban centers and the growth of existing cities, as people and businesses were drawn to areas with good transportation links. The increased mobility and cultural exchange brought about by the railway network also had a profound impact on French society, leading to the spread of new ideas and the emergence of a more interconnected and cosmopolitan culture.
In conclusion, the development of railways in 19th century France played a crucial role in the country's economic, social, and cultural development. The expansion of the railway network revolutionized transportation, reduced costs, and facilitated the growth of commerce and industry. While the growth of the railway network faced challenges, its impact on French society and the economy was profound and long-lasting, shaping the course of the country's development for generations to come.
Questions:
1. The passage suggests that the introduction of which technology in the 1840s played a crucial role in the growth of the French railway network?
A. Westinghouse air brake
B. Bessemer process for steel production
C. Steam locomotives
D. Horse-drawn carriages
2. According to the passage, what percentage of their total revenue did railway companies in France reinvest in maintaining and improving their infrastructure between 1850 and 1900?
A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 50 percent
3. The passage suggests that the development of railways in 19th century France had a significant impact on:
A. The growth of new industries and the expansion of existing ones
B. The spread of new ideas and the emergence of a more interconnected culture
C. The development of new urban centers and the growth of existing cities
D. All of the above
4. Which of the following challenges faced by the French railway network in the 19th century is mentioned in the passage?
A. Competition from road transport
B. Lack of government support
C. Opposition from landowners and local communities
D. Shortage of skilled labor
5. The passage suggests that the French government played a role in the development of the railway network by:
A. Nationalizing all railway companies
B. Banning the use of steam locomotives
C. Granting concessions to private companies and establishing a national railway company
D. Imposing strict regulations on railway construction and operation
6. By the early 20th century, what was the total length of the French railway network?
A. Approximately 30,000 kilometers
B. Approximately 40,000 kilometers
C. Approximately 50,000 kilometers
D. Approximately 60,000 kilometers
7. The passage suggests that the reduction in transportation costs brought about by rail transport led to:
A. The decline of agriculture and textiles industries
B. The growth of new industries and the expansion of existing ones
C. The decrease in cultural exchange and the spread of new ideas
D. The reduction of government support for railway companies
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a social or cultural implication of the development of railways in 19th century France?
A. Increased mobility and cultural exchange
B. The spread of new ideas and innovations
C. The emergence of a more interconnected and cosmopolitan culture
D. The decline of traditional rural ways of life
9. The passage suggests that the growth of the French railway network in the 19th century was:
A. Unaffected by challenges and opposition
B. Primarily driven by government ownership of railway companies
C. Facilitated by the introduction of new technologies and government support
D. Limited to urban areas and major cities
10. According to the passage, the development of railways in 19th century France had a profound and long-lasting impact on:
A. The country's economic development
B. The country's social and cultural development
C. The country's political system
D. Both A and B
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. D
3.RC
The word democracy may stand for a natural social equality in the body politic or for a constitutional form of government in which power lies more or less directly in the people’s hand. The former may be called social democracy and the latter democratic government. The two differ widely, both in origin and in moral principle. Genetically considered, social democracy is something primitive, unintended, proper to communities where there is general competence and no marked personal eminence. There will be no aristocracy, no prestige, but instead an intelligent readiness to lend a hand and to do in unison whatever is done. In other words, there will be that most democratic of governments—no government at all. But when pressure of circumstances, danger, or inward strife makes recognized and prolonged guidance necessary to a social democracy, the form its government takes is that of a rudimentary monarchy established by election or general consent. A natural leader emerges and is instinctively obeyed. That leader may indeed be freely criticized and will not be screened by any pomp or traditional mystery; he or she will be easy to replace and every citizen will feel essentially his or her equal. Yet such a state is at the beginnings of monarchy and aristocracy.
Political democracy, on the other hand, is a late and artificial product. It arises by a gradual extension of aristocratic privileges, through rebellion against abuses, and in answer to restlessness on the people’s part. Its principle is not the absence of eminence, but the discovery that existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative. It may retain many vestiges of older and less democratic institutions. For under democratic governments the people have not created the state; they merely control it. Their suspicions and jealousies are quieted by assigning to them a voice, perhaps only a veto, in the administration. The people’s liberty consists not in their original responsibility for what exists, but merely in the faculty they have acquired of abolishing any detail that may distress or wound them, and of imposing any new measure, which, seen against the background of existing laws, may commend itself from time to time to their instinct and mind.
If we turn from origins to ideals, the contrast between social and political democracy is no less marked. Social democracy is a general ethical ideal, looking to human equality and brotherhood, and inconsistent, in its radical form, with such institutions as the family and hereditary property. Democratic government, on the contrary, is merely a means to an end, an expedient for the better and smoother government of certain states at certain junctures. It involves no special ideals of life; it is a question of policy, namely, whether the general interest will be better served by granting all people an equal voice in elections. For political democracy must necessarily be a government by deputy, and the questions actually submitted to the people can be only very large rough matters of general policy or of confidence in party leaders.
1. Which of the following best describes the main difference between social democracy and political democracy, according to the passage?
A. Social democracy is primitive, while political democracy is artificial.
B. Social democracy is based on equality, while political democracy is based on representation.
C. Social democracy is a general ethical ideal, while political democracy is a means to an end.
D. Social democracy is inconsistent with the family, while political democracy is consistent with it.
E. Social democracy is a form of government, while political democracy is a social ideal.
2. According to the passage, what is the principle of political democracy?
A. The absence of eminence
B. The discovery that existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative
C. The creation of the state by the people
D. The imposition of new measures by the people
E. The equal distribution of power among all citizens
3. What does the author suggest about the people's liberty under democratic governments?
A. It consists of the people's original responsibility for what exists.
B. It consists of the faculty to abolish distressing details and impose new measures.
C. It is inconsistent with the institution of the family.
D. It is a question of policy.
E. It is the primary goal of democratic governments.
4. According to the passage, what is the role of the people in political democracy?
A. They have created the state.
B. They have an equal voice in all matters of government.
C. They control the government but do not create it.
D. They are responsible for the existence of the government.
E. They have no control over the government.
5. What does the author suggest about the questions submitted to the people in political democracy?
A. They are very specific and detailed.
B. They are large, rough matters of general policy or confidence in party leaders.
C. They are decided by the people directly.
D. They are inconsistent with the institution of hereditary property.
E. They are not important for the functioning of the government.
6. According to the passage, what is the government like in a social democracy when prolonged guidance becomes necessary?
A. A constitutional monarchy
B. A rudimentary monarchy established by election or general consent
C. A government controlled by the people
D. A government with no aristocracy or prestige
E. A government with a strong aristocratic presence
7. What does the author suggest about the natural leader in a social democracy?
A. The leader is freely criticized and easy to replace.
B. The leader is screened by pomp and traditional mystery.
C. The leader is not considered equal to the citizens.
D. The leader is not obeyed by the people.
E. The leader is chosen based on their aristocratic background.
8. According to the passage, what is the main question concerning political democracy?
A. Whether it is consistent with the institution of the family
B. Whether it is a general ethical ideal
C. Whether the general interest will be better served by granting all people an equal voice in elections
D. Whether it is a primitive form of government
E. Whether it can be established through peaceful means
答案:1. C (根据文章最后一段第一句话可知,社会民主是一般的道德理想,而政治民主只是达到目的的一种手段。)
2. B (根据文章第二段第二句话可知,政治民主的原则是发现现有的杰出人物不再真实和有代表性。)
3. B (根据文章第二段最后一句话可知,人民的自由在民主政府下,包括废除令人不安的细节和实施新措施的能力。)
4. C (根据文章第二段倒数第二句话可知,在政治民主中,人民没有创造国家,他们只是控制国家。)
5. B (根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知,在政治民主中,提交给人民的问题只能是非常大的、粗略的一般政策事项或对政党领导人的信任问题。)
6. B (根据文章第一段倒数第三句话可知,当社会民主需要公认的长期指导时,其政府形式是通过选举或一般同意建立的初级君主制。)
7. A (根据文章第一段最后两句话可知,在社会民主中,领导人可以被自由批评,容易被替换,每个公民本质上都认为是平等的。)
8. C (根据文章最后一段倒数第二句话可知,关于政治民主的主要问题是,通过赋予所有人在选举中平等的发言权,是否能更好地服务于整体利益。)
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发表于 2024-4-15 09:46:30
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