揽瓜阁训练营 第105天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

小白斩鸡

之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新

RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
CR题源：本月中文JJ改编
IR题源： 往届鸡精改编

打卡内容：
一周打卡五篇，科目不限。
每天上午管理员群内发布题目，群成员做完提交打卡，第二天发布解析

打卡内容建议：
阅读：写文章结构、笔记
逻辑：写逻辑链分析
IR：写做题思路和选项分析

【现在你的笔记越全，越能帮助你捋清思路，之后回顾总结。】
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In his seminal work, Israel Rosenfield presents a thought-provoking critique of the long-held belief that memories are fixed entities stored in the brain, a notion that has had a profound influence on the field of neurology since the nineteenth century. This concept, known as the localization hypothesis, suggests that specialized images of the world, such as sounds, shapes, colors, and movements, are permanently recorded in specific areas of the brain. Physicians of the era relied on this hypothesis to explain curious cases where patients could speak but not write, proposing that the information necessary for these tasks was stored separately in the brain.

However, Rosenfield argues that this hypothesis is fundamentally flawed, drawing upon the groundbreaking works of Sigmund Freud, David Marr, and Gerald Edelman, as well as extensive psychological research on perception. He asserts that knowledge does not consist of stored representations, directly contradicting the prevalent model of memory in artificial intelligence (AI) research, exemplified by Ross Ouillian's semantic networks, Marvin Minsky's frames, and Roger Schank's memory organization packets (MOPS), as well as natural language grammars. These models assume that knowledge comprises stored descriptions of the world's appearance and an agent's behavior, which can be selectively indexed, retrieved, reassembled, and translated into outward behavior.

Rosenfield proposes an alternative view, suggesting that perception is not a peripheral process that feeds objective data to a cognitive matcher, but rather an act of categorization and recognition in itself. He argues that learning does not involve fine-tuning, composing, and ordering prestored categories, as is commonly believed in machine learning research. Instead, he posits that perception is not a process of matching internal descriptions of features against sensations, but rather the very act of understanding and recognition.

This perspective challenges the standard AI view that "There is no perception without prior 'learning'..." (p. 7), which suggests that perception relies on the retrieval of prestored descriptions of how the world appears and how an agent behaves. Rosenfield, drawing on the work of Edelman, argues that this view is misguided and that perception is an active process of categorization, not a passive process of matching sensations against internal representations.

The implications of Rosenfield's critique for AI research are significant. If memory is not a storage place for descriptive structures, as he suggests, then the current approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning in AI may need to be fundamentally reconsidered. Rather than focusing on the storage and retrieval of prestored categories and descriptions, AI researchers may need to explore alternative models that better capture the dynamic and interactive nature of perception and understanding.

Moreover, Rosenfield's emphasis on the role of perception as an active process of categorization and recognition suggests that AI systems may need to be designed with greater flexibility and adaptability, able to learn and evolve their understanding of the world through ongoing interaction and experience. This perspective aligns with recent developments in fields such as embodied cognition and situated AI, which emphasize the importance of an agent's physical and social context in shaping its cognitive processes.

In conclusion, Israel Rosenfield's critique of the localization hypothesis and its implications for AI research presents a compelling challenge to long-held assumptions about the nature of memory, knowledge, and perception. By drawing on a wide range of interdisciplinary sources, from neurology and psychology to philosophy and computer science, Rosenfield offers a thought-provoking alternative perspective that has the potential to reshape our understanding of both human and artificial intelligence. As AI continues to advance and play an increasingly important role in our lives, engaging with critiques like Rosenfield's will be essential for ensuring that our technological progress is grounded in a deep understanding of the complexities of the human mind.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?
   A. The localization hypothesis is a flawed concept.
   B. AI research needs to reconsider its approach to knowledge representation.
   C. Perception is an active process of categorization and recognition.
   D. Israel Rosenfield's critique challenges long-held assumptions about memory and perception.
   E. The human mind is too complex for AI to replicate.
2. According to the localization hypothesis, where are specialized images of the world stored?
   A. In the hippocampus
   B. In specific areas of the brain
   C. In the cerebellum
   D. In the frontal lobe
   E. In the temporal lobe
3. Which of the following does Rosenfield draw upon to support his argument?
   A. The works of Sigmund Freud, David Marr, and Gerald Edelman
   B. Extensive psychological research on perception
   C. The prevalent model of memory in AI research
   D. Both A and B
   E. Both B and C
4. What does Rosenfield suggest about the nature of perception?
   A. It is a peripheral process that feeds objective data to a cognitive matcher.
   B. It is an act of categorization and recognition in itself.
   C. It relies on the retrieval of prestored descriptions.
   D. It is a passive process of matching sensations against internal representations.
   E. It is a process of fine-tuning, composing, and ordering prestored categories.
5. Which of the following AI models assume that knowledge comprises stored descriptions of the world's appearance and an agent's behavior?
   A. Ross Ouillian's semantic networks
   B. Marvin Minsky's frames
   C. Roger Schank's memory organization packets (MOPS)
   D. All of the above
   E. None of the above
6. According to Rosenfield, what does learning not involve?
   A. Fine-tuning prestored categories
   B. Composing prestored categories
   C. Ordering prestored categories
   D. All of the above
   E. None of the above
7. Which recent developments in AI align with Rosenfield's perspective on perception?
   A. Embodied cognition
   B. Situated AI
   C. Natural language processing
   D. Both A and B
   E. Both B and C
8. What does Rosenfield's critique suggest about the future of AI research?
   A. AI researchers should focus on storing and retrieving prestored categories and descriptions.
   B. AI systems should be designed with less flexibility and adaptability.
   C. AI research should explore alternative models that capture the dynamic nature of perception and understanding.
   D. AI research should prioritize replicating the complexities of the human mind.
   E. AI research should abandon the pursuit of understanding human intelligence.

1.D
2.B
3. D
4. B
5.D
6.D
7. D
8. C


2.CR
After implementing a device in fishing nets to allow sea turtles to escape, a country reported a significant decrease in sea turtle mortality for four years. However, in the fifth year, the mortality of sea turtles unexpectedly rose by a substantial percentage. It was concluded that many fishermen had stopped using the device, leading to the increase in turtle deaths.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A) The number of sea turtles in that region has sharply increased in recent years due to successful conservation efforts.
B) The device used in fishing nets is known to be highly durable and rarely requires replacement or maintenance.
C) In neighboring regions without the device, the mortality rate of sea turtles also increased in the same year.
D) The increase in mortality rate coincided with a significant rise in illegal fishing activities in the area.
E) Recent studies have shown that sea turtles in the region have developed a natural adaptation to avoid fishing nets.

In an effort to combat obesity, it has been suggested that restaurants offer high-calorie meals, leading people to gain weight. Therefore, people should eat home-cooked meals based on modern, healthy recipes. However, nutrition experts argue that this approach will still lead to weight gain. Explain why this might be the case.
A) People have become accustomed to the large portion sizes offered in restaurants and tend to replicate these at home.
B) Modern, healthy recipes often include ingredients that are high in calories.
C) Many people lack the skills to cook healthy meals at home and end up preparing high-calorie dishes.
D) The availability of high-calorie snacks at home leads people to consume more calories than they would in a restaurant.
E) People tend to eat more frequently when they are at home compared to when they dine out.

答案:
AA

3.DI


Passage:
The Kamakura period (1185-1333) marked a pivotal turning point in Japan's history, characterized by a significant shift in the country's political, social, and economic landscape. This era saw the rise of the samurai class and the establishment of a feudal system under the Kamakura shogunate, led by the powerful warlord Minamoto no Yoritomo. The shogunate, a hereditary military dictatorship, effectively usurped power from the imperial court in Kyoto, relegating the emperor to a mere figurehead with little more than symbolic authority. This power structure, known as the bakufu, would shape Japanese politics for centuries to come, marking a dramatic departure from the previous system of imperial rule.

Under the bakufu system, the shogun granted land to loyal vassals, known as daimyo, who in turn provided military service and were required to maintain a certain number of warriors. This complex hierarchy of land ownership and military obligation formed the backbone of the feudal system, with the daimyo at the top, followed by the samurai who served under them, and finally the peasantry, artisans, and merchants who occupied the lower rungs of the social ladder. The samurai, bound by a strict code of conduct known as bushido, became the ruling class, enjoying privileges and status far above those of the common people. This code emphasized loyalty, self-discipline, and martial prowess, and would come to define the samurai way of life for generations.

The Kamakura period also witnessed significant cultural and religious developments, particularly with the introduction of Zen Buddhism from China. This new form of Buddhism had a profound impact on Japanese aesthetics, art, and philosophy, and found particular favor among the samurai class. Zen emphasized self-discipline, meditation, and the pursuit of enlightenment through direct experience rather than scriptural study, values that resonated strongly with the martial ideals of the samurai. The austere simplicity of Zen also found expression in art forms such as ink painting, rock gardens, and the tea ceremony, which would become enduring symbols of Japanese culture.

However, despite its many achievements, the Kamakura shogunate faced numerous challenges throughout its reign. The Jōkyū War of 1221, a failed attempt by the imperial court to regain power, exposed the growing tensions between the shogunate and the nobility, highlighting the precarious nature of the bakufu's authority. Economic pressures also took their toll, including the rising cost of maintaining a standing army and the increasing concentration of land ownership among a few powerful families. This led to growing social unrest, as the gap between rich and poor widened and many samurai found themselves without land or employment.

The most significant threat to the Kamakura shogunate, however, came in the form of two devastating Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281. Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan and the ruler of the vast Yuan Dynasty in China, sought to extend his empire to Japan and bring the island nation under his control. The Mongol forces, equipped with advanced weaponry and battle tactics honed on the steppes of Central Asia, landed on the island of Kyushu and engaged the samurai in fierce battles. Despite being vastly outnumbered and facing an enemy unlike any they had encountered before, the Japanese defenders managed to hold their ground, aided by the fortuitous arrival of powerful typhoons, which scattered the Mongol fleets and forced them to retreat. These storms, dubbed "kamikaze" or "divine winds," were seen as a sign of divine protection and became a symbol of Japanese resilience in the face of foreign aggression.

The Mongol invasions, while ultimately unsuccessful, had far-reaching consequences for the Kamakura shogunate and Japan as a whole. The cost of mobilizing and maintaining a defense against the Mongols placed a severe strain on the economy, exacerbating existing social and political tensions. The invasions also exposed the limitations of the samurai's traditional combat techniques against a foreign enemy armed with superior technology and tactics. This realization would spur significant changes in Japanese warfare, including the adoption of new weapons and strategies, and a greater emphasis on naval power.

In the aftermath of the Mongol invasions, the Kamakura shogunate found itself increasingly weakened by internal strife, as powerful clans vied for control and influence. The Hōjō clan, which had served as regents to the shogun, became the de facto rulers of Japan, further eroding the authority of the shogunate and undermining the legitimacy of the bakufu system. This power struggle, combined with a series of natural disasters, famines, and peasant uprisings, ultimately led to the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, when the emperor Go-Daigo launched a successful rebellion against the Hōjō regency.

The collapse of the Kamakura shogunate ushered in a period of political instability known as the Nanboku-chō period (1336-1392), characterized by a split imperial court and competing claims to the throne. This tumultuous era saw the rise of the Ashikaga shogunate, which would rule Japan for nearly two centuries, and laid the groundwork for the country's eventual unification under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 17th century. The legacy of the Kamakura period, however, would endure, shaping Japanese society, culture, and politics for generations to come.

The Kamakura period also saw significant developments in Japanese literature and the arts. The Tale of the Heike, an epic account of the struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans, was compiled during this time, becoming a cornerstone of Japanese literary tradition. The period also witnessed the emergence of new forms of poetry, such as the tanka and renga, which would become essential elements of Japanese cultural expression. In the visual arts, the Kamakura period saw the rise of realistic sculptural styles, exemplified by the works of Unkei and Kaikei, as well as the development of new techniques in painting and calligraphy.

The economic changes of the Kamakura period had far-reaching effects on Japanese society. The growth of a money economy, fueled by the expansion of trade and the introduction of Chinese copper coins, led to the emergence of a merchant class and the decline of the traditional barter system. This shift in economic power would eventually challenge the dominance of the samurai class and lay the foundation for the rise of the merchant class in later periods.

In conclusion, the Kamakura period represents a critical juncture in Japanese history, marking the transition from imperial rule to a feudal system dominated by the samurai class. The political, social, economic, and cultural changes of this era would shape the course of Japanese history for centuries to come, leaving an indelible mark on the nation's identity and traditions. The legacy of the Kamakura period continues to resonate in modern Japan, influencing everything from politics and social hierarchies to art, literature, and religion.

1. The bakufu system, as described in the passage, primarily involved:
A. The emperor granting land to loyal vassals in exchange for military service
B. The shogun granting land to loyal vassals in exchange for military service
C. The imperial court in Kyoto maintaining a standing army
D. The samurai class serving as a figurehead while the emperor held real power

2. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Zen Buddhism and the samurai class during the Kamakura period?
A. The samurai rejected Zen Buddhism in favor of traditional Shinto beliefs
B. Zen Buddhism had little influence on the samurai class
C. The samurai found parallels between Zen teachings and their own martial ideals
D. Zen Buddhism was the official religion of the Kamakura shogunate

3. The Mongol invasions of Japan during the Kamakura period were ultimately unsuccessful due to:
A. The superior military tactics and weaponry of the samurai
B. The intervention of powerful typhoons, known as "kamikaze"
C. The diplomatic efforts of the imperial court in Kyoto
D. The withdrawal of Mongol forces due to internal conflicts within the Yuan Dynasty

4. The Jōkyū War of 1221 was:
A. A successful attempt by the imperial court to regain power from the Kamakura shogunate
B. A failed attempt by the imperial court to regain power from the Kamakura shogunate
C. A conflict between the Kamakura shogunate and the Mongol invaders
D. A civil war between rival samurai clans

5. The collapse of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 led to:
A. The reunification of Japan under a centralized imperial government
B. The beginning of the Nanboku-chō period, characterized by a split imperial court
C. The immediate establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate
D. The end of the samurai class


6. The Tale of the Heike, a significant work of Japanese literature, was compiled during:
A. The Nara period
B. The Heian period
C. The Kamakura period
D. The Muromachi period

7. The economic changes during the Kamakura period, such as the growth of a money economy and the emergence of a merchant class, were primarily driven by:
A. The expansion of trade and the introduction of Chinese copper coins
B. The decline of the samurai class and the rise of the peasantry
C. The adoption of Zen Buddhism as the official religion of Japan
D. The Mongol invasions and the subsequent need for economic reform

8. The Kamakura period saw the development of new artistic styles and techniques, such as:
A. Realistic sculptural styles exemplified by the works of Unkei and Kaikei
B. The tanka and renga forms of poetry
C. Innovations in painting and calligraphy
D. All of the above

9. The legacy of the Kamakura period in shaping Japanese society and culture is best described as:
A. Insignificant, as the period was marked by constant warfare and political instability
B. Limited to the samurai class and their martial traditions
C. Far-reaching and enduring, influencing politics, social hierarchies, art, literature, and religion
D. Largely overshadowed by the achievements of later periods, such as the Tokugawa shogunate

10. The power struggle within the Kamakura shogunate that contributed to its downfall involved:
A. The Hōjō clan serving as regents to the shogun and becoming the de facto rulers of Japan
B. The Ashikaga clan seizing control and establishing a new shogunate
C. The Taira and Minamoto clans vying for control of the imperial court
D. The emperor Go-Daigo launching a successful rebellion against the shogunate

1. B - 根据文章,幕府系统主要涉及将军将土地授予忠诚的诸侯以换取军事服务。
2. C - 文章提到,禅宗强调的价值观与武士阶层的武术理念产生了共鸣。
3. B - 蒙古入侵最终因强大台风"神风"的干预而失败。
4. B - 文章明确指出,承久之乱是朝廷试图从镰仓幕府手中夺回权力的一次失败尝试。
5. B - 镰仓幕府的崩溃导致了南北朝时期的开始,其特点是分裂的朝廷。
6. C - 根据文章,《平家物语》编撰于镰仓时代。
7. A - 经济变化主要由贸易扩张和引入中国铜币推动。
8. D - 文章提到了镰仓时期在雕塑、诗歌、绘画和书法方面的所有新发展。
9. C - 文章强调,镰仓时期在塑造日本社会和文化方面具有深远而持久的影响。
10. A - 文章提到北条氏担任将军的摄政,成为日本的实际统治者,削弱了幕府的权威。

为了G700

Day105 RC

P1: R这个人对长期的信念（记忆是存储在大脑中的固定实体）提出批评。

P2: R说这个假说的基础就有瑕疵。

P3: R提出了不同的观点，感知不是一个将客观数据提供给认知机器的外围过程，而是一种分类和识别行为。

P4: 感知的定义挑战了AI的观点，感知会主动分类，而不是被动的配合感知。

P5: R对于Ai research的批评让现在对于AI的观点被重估，Ai 搜索需要更好的感知和理解互动的替代model.

P6: R强调感知是一个主动的过程，AI系统需要设计出更大的灵活性和适应性，通过持续的感知和互动开创对世界的理解。

P7: R对于当前假说的批评有很重要的意义，会重构我们对于人和AI的理解，同时发挥AI在生活中的作用。

1. D 最后一段第一句点睛。

2. B 第一段第一句。

3. D 第二段第一句。

4. B 第三段第一句。

5. D 第二段后半部分。

6. ❌E，答案D， 看错题，第三段第二句。

7. D 倒数第二段最后一句。

8. C最后一段。

单词：

thought-provoking：令人深思的

groundbreaking：开创性

a peripheral process：外围进程

adaptability：适应性

compelling challenge：令人信服的挑战

interdisciplinary：跨学科的

xuelin99

Mark一下！               

Emma醬

感谢分享！               

Emma醬

RC:
1.提出长期以来的假说， 记忆被存储在大脑中的特定区域。
2.然而， R反驳了这个观点， 知识不包含可存储的代表性。 MOP组织认为知识描述了世界的图像等并转化为外在行为
3.R认为知识是理解和识别的过程。 区别于机器的组成/保存目录等
4.这挑战了传统的AI观点，R认为E的观点被错误引导P行为积极分类的过程， 而不是被动的感知和内在代表性进行搭配
5.R的重要意义，现在的AI需要被调整， 强调动态的过程
6.延续第五段， AI 需要改变 （physical and social content)
7.总结，R的重要意义 for both human and AI

DBDBCDDC （第五题D)
5.Ross Ouillian's semantic networks, Marvin Minsky's frames, and Roger Schank's memory organization packets (MOPS)

CR:
A
Gap: 海归数量急剧增多，所以死亡量增多（但比例是低的）


E (正确答案A）
Gap: 加强在家吃更多
E: 吃的更频繁不一定摄入卡路里更多？ 可能少吃多餐。
题目中强调了based on modern, healthy recipes （认为在家里会用健康的食谱）

xuelin99

D105
CR
1.削弱题
P：使用一个装置可以导致turtle逃跑，所以最近四年turtle死亡率下降，但是第五年死亡率显著提升
C：第五年大家不使用这个装置了
A：由于很好的保护近几年turtle数量增多，数量增多不会影响死亡率
B：众所周知装置可以使用很长时间，加强
C：邻居因为不使用这个装置了，数量也上升了，加强
D：死亡率增加同时非法捕鱼活动增加了，加强
E：turtle逐渐适应了能够避免捕鱼网，这个装置影响不大，削弱
我的答案：E 正确答案：A

2.解释题
P：餐厅的饭高卡路里，导致人们肥胖。因此人们应在家自己做健康的食谱
C：专家认为这种办法也会导致肥胖
A：大家已经熟悉餐厅的高比例食物，回家做也会复制餐厅做法
B：现代健康的食谱会包括复合物，含有高卡路里
C：人们缺少做健康食物的技能，反前提
D：在家有很多零食，会比在餐厅摄入卡路里多
E：人们在家吃饭相比在外面会更频繁
我的答案：E 正确答案：A

为了G700

Day105 CR
第一题，削弱题，❌选D，不理解为什么答案A，说明乌龟的减少不是因为停止使用 fishing device。
P：在使用了一个可以让海龟逃跑的捕鱼网后，一个国家报道连续4年海龟死亡率下降，但是第5年海龟死亡率出乎意料的上升了。
C：很多渔夫不用这种捕鱼网，导致了很多海龟的死亡。

A.因为这个区域很好的保护，海龟的数量在最近几年有明显的增加.(无关）
B.捕鱼网的设备是很耐用，很少需要维护.(太遥远了）
C. 在没有这个设备的临近海域，同一年海龟的死亡率也在增加.(加强）
D. 死亡率增加伴随在这个领域非法捕鱼的活动显著增加发生.(他因削弱）
E. 最近研究表明这个区域的海龟发展了去逃避捕鱼网的自然适应.(无关）

第二题，解释题，❌选B.答案A，不理解。
P：在对抗肥胖的过程中表明因为餐厅提供高卡路里的食物导致了体重增加。因此人们应该吃根据现代健康的食谱在家煮东西吃。
C:营养专家说这个方法依然会导致肥胖。

A.人们熟悉餐厅大分量的食物，在家也会重复.(文中提到了健康的食谱）
B.现代健康的菜单也包含很多高卡路里。(不管在家在外，高卡路里导致肥胖）
C.很多人在家缺乏煮健康食物的技术，最后还是准备了高卡路里的食物.(贴近，但是不如B直接）
D.家里高卡路里食物的存在导致人们会比在外面吃更多卡路里.(根据现代菜单做是文中所讲）
E.人们在家会比在外面吃更频繁.(没说肥胖）

E杀G必成功

Day105

RC: B(D); B; D; B; D; D; D; C

CR: A; B(A)

DI: B; C; B; B; B; C; A; D; C; A

狗熊要吃肉

已打卡

Perilla

2.CR
C❌（正确：A）
P：实施新渔网后，4年中海龟死亡率大大下降；第五年上升
C：渔民停止使用渔网
削弱
A. 海龟数量增加（与死亡率没啥关系）
B. 渔网设备耐用（与题目逻辑关系不大）
C. 附近没有该设备的地区死亡率也上升了（说明与渔网没有关系）
D. 死亡率增加和非法捕鱼同时发生（非法捕鱼和海龟不一定是正相关关系）
E. 海龟适应了渔网（稍微削弱）