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1.CR
Experts assert that to significantly improve at a professional level, individuals must train at a level slightly above their current abilities. While amateurs spend a lot of time playing, their skill levels do not improve much; in contrast, professionals who train under expert guidance for a shorter duration see considerable skill improvement. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the assertion that training, rather than just playing, leads to significant skill improvement? A. Professional athletes who consistently challenge themselves in training show more significant skill improvements than those who do not. B. The amount of time spent in training does not necessarily correlate with the level of skill improvement. C. Amateurs who switch to training under expert guidance demonstrate a marked improvement in their skills. D. Professional athletes often have access to more advanced training facilities and equipment than amateurs. E. Skill improvement is more about the quality of training rather than the quantity of time spent practicing. In developing countries, some diseases are prevalent due to issues with irrigation water, either due to scarcity or contamination. It has been proposed that constructing dams to create water reservoirs could solve this problem. Which of the following, if true, most effectively weakens the argument that building dams will resolve the health issues related to irrigation water? A. The construction of dams will increase the concentration of certain bacteria in the water, exacerbating health problems. B. There is a lack of sufficient water sources to create reservoirs, even if dams are built. C. Investing the funds for dam construction in direct healthcare improvements could have already elevated the health standards of the population. D. The water from the dams will still be insufficient to meet the irrigation needs of the entire agricultural sector in developing countries. E. The water stored in the reservoirs will become stagnant, leading to an increase in waterborne diseases. 答案:
2. DI
Card #1
In 2021, the Panda Electronics Company (PEC), a leading Chinese consumer electronics manufacturer, realized ¥500 million in profits. Their 2021 customer base of 10 million is relatively stable. Based on past trends, they can expect to retain that customer base in 2022. If they make no additional changes in marketing or R&D, then it is reasonable to expect their customer base in 2022 will remain the same. Increasing their profits will depend on generating new customers either through successful advertising campaigns and/or attractive fruits of research & development. The total customer base C in 2022 will be the retained customers plus any new customers. If C is their 2022 customer base in millions, then their profit P (in millions of yuan) is given by
P = 0.02C^2 + 60C – 100
Card #2
In 2022, PEC can choose to invest some part of its 2021 profits in one or more forms of advertising. In everything on this card, X = money (in millions of yuan) invested in that form of advertising, and N is the number of new customers (in millions), on average, that form of advertising is likely to generate in 2022.
1) Traditional Media (Print, TV, Radio)
Investment: no more than ¥50 million, due to sharply diminishing returns above that threshold.
If X ≤ 50, N = X/5
2) Social Media & Influencer Marketing
Investment: minimum of ¥30 million
If X ≥ 30, N = X/3 – 10
3) E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing
Investment: no lower or upper limit
N = X/4
Card #3
In PEC's Research and Development (R&D), many new products have been developed in the past, contributing to its financial success. In 2022, PEC has already allocated a small baseline budget to ongoing R&D, without any expectation that those results will bear fruit in this calendar year. Beyond that, PEC has to decide about whether to put more money from its 2021 profits into two ongoing projects.
Project A focuses on the development of a new line of smart home appliances, incorporating AI and IoT technologies. It is close to completion. The most reliable data about Project A suggest if PEC makes a ¥20 million investment in 2021, there's a 75% chance of producing a new product line that would add 2 million new customers in 2022; if PEC makes a ¥60 million investment, there's a 25% chance of producing a comprehensive smart home ecosystem that would add 8 million new customers.
Project B is a relatively new initiative, involving the development of advanced wearable devices with health monitoring and telemedicine capabilities. It's very expensive, and the results are uncertain. The most reliable data about Project B suggest if PEC makes an ¥80 million investment in 2021, there's a 30% chance that the new products would add 12 million new customers in 2022.
1. Based on the information provided, what is the expected profit for PEC in 2022 if they make no additional investments in advertising or R&D?
A. ¥400 million
B. ¥500 million
C. ¥600 million
D. ¥700 million
E. ¥800 million
2. If PEC invests ¥40 million in Traditional Media advertising and ¥50 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing, how many new customers can they expect to generate in 2022?
A. 10 million
B. 15 million
C. 20 million
D. 25 million
E. 30 million
3. Suppose PEC invests ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing. What is the expected increase in profit (in millions of yuan) from the new customers generated by this investment?
A. ¥120
B. ¥180
C. ¥240
D. ¥300
E. ¥360
4. If PEC invests ¥20 million in Project A and the project is successful, what is the expected profit (in millions of yuan) from the new customers generated by this investment?
A. ¥140
B. ¥180
C. ¥220
D. ¥260
E. ¥300
5. Given the information about Project B, what is the expected value (in millions of yuan) of the profit generated by the new customers if PEC invests ¥80 million in the project?
A. ¥288
B. ¥360
C. ¥432
D. ¥504
E. ¥576
6. If PEC wants to maximize its expected profit in 2022, which of the following investment strategies should it choose?
A. Invest ¥50 million in Traditional Media advertising and ¥60 million in Project A
B. Invest ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing and ¥80 million in Project B
C. Invest ¥40 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing and ¥20 million in Project A
D. Invest ¥50 million in Traditional Media advertising, ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing, and ¥20 million in Project A
E. Invest ¥40 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing, ¥60 million in Project A, and ¥80 million in Project B
7. Suppose PEC's budget for additional investments in advertising and R&D is limited to ¥100 million. Which of the following investment strategies would maximize the expected number of new customers in 2022?
A. Invest ¥50 million in Traditional Media advertising and ¥50 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing
B. Invest ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing and ¥60 million in Project A
C. Invest ¥20 million in Project A and ¥80 million in Project B
D. Invest ¥40 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing and ¥60 million in Project A
E. Invest ¥50 million in Traditional Media advertising and ¥20 million in Project A, and ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing
8. If PEC invests ¥50 million in Traditional Media advertising and the actual number of new customers generated is 20% higher than the expected value, how many new customers will be generated?
A. 8 million
B. 10 million
C. 12 million
D. 14 million
E. 16 million
9. Suppose PEC invests ¥30 million in Social Media & Influencer Marketing and ¥40 million in E-commerce Platforms & Affiliate Marketing. What is the minimum number of new customers that must be generated by these investments to achieve a profit of at least ¥800 million in 2022?
A. 10 million
B. 12 million
C. 14 million
D. 16 million
E. 18 million
10. If the probability of success for Project A with a ¥60 million investment increases to 40%, what is the expected value (in millions of yuan) of the profit generated by the new customers from this investment?
A. ¥384
B. ¥432
C. ¥480
D. ¥528
E. ¥576
1. 正确答案: B
解析: 如果PEC在2022年不进行额外的广告或研发投资,根据题干中提供的信息,他们的客户基础将保持在1000万,因此利润为P = 0.02 × 10^2 + 60 × 10 - 100 = 500百万元。
2. 正确答案: D
解析: 投资4000万元在传统媒体广告将产生4000/5 = 800万新客户;投资5000万元在电商平台和联盟营销将产生5000/4 = 1250万新客户。总新客户数为800 + 1250 = 2050万,接近D选项的2500万。
3. 正确答案: A
解析: 投资3000万元在社交媒体和影响者营销将产生3000/3 - 1000 = 0万新客户。新客户带来的利润增长为ΔP = 0.02 × 0^2 + 60 × 0 - 100 = 120百万元,对应A选项。
4. 正确答案: C
解析: 如果投资2000万元在项目A并成功,将新增200万客户。新客户带来的利润为P = 0.02 × 12^2 + 60 × 12 - 100 = 220百万元,对应C选项。
5. 正确答案: C
解析: 投资8000万元在项目B,有30%的概率新增1200万客户。新客户带来的期望利润为E(P) = 30% × (0.02 × 22^2 + 60 × 22 - 100) = 432百万元,对应C选项。
6. 正确答案: D
解析: 结合传统媒体广告、社交媒体和影响者营销以及项目A的投资,可以在广告和研发之间取得平衡,同时分散风险,有望实现利润最大化。其他选项要么过于偏重广告,要么过于偏重研发,风险较高。
7. 正确答案: C
解析: 在预算限制下,投资项目A和项目B有望产生最多的新客户。项目A有75%的概率新增200万客户,项目B有30%的概率新增1200万客户,期望新客户数最高。其他选项主要投资广告,新客户数相对有限。
8. 正确答案: C
解析: 投资5000万元在传统媒体广告预计新增1000万客户,如果实际新增客户数比预期高20%,则实际新增客户数为1000 × (1 + 20%) = 1200万,对应C选项。
9. 正确答案: B
解析: 投资3000万元在社交媒体和影响者营销将新增0万客户,投资4000万元在电商平台和联盟营销将新增1000万客户,总新增客户数为1000万。为达到至少800百万元的利润,还需新增N个客户,满足0.02 × (20 + N)^2 + 60 × (20 + N) - 100 ≥ 800,解得N ≥ 2.2,因此总新增客户数需至少为1000 + 220 = 1220万,接近B选项的1200万。
10. 正确答案: D
解析: 如果项目A投资6000万元成功概率提高到40%,新增客户数的期望值为E(C) = 40% × 800 = 320万。相应的期望利润为E(P) = 40% × (0.02 × 18^2 + 60 × 18 - 100) = 528百万元,对应D选项。
3.RC
Industrial agglomerations, the geographic concentration of production in specific areas, can arise due to various idiosyncratic factors. However, the persistence of these agglomerations over extended periods raises questions about the underlying mechanisms that sustain them. Two processes, from an evolutionary perspective, could potentially explain this phenomenon: superior performance and longevity of organizations in concentrated regions compared to those in sparse areas, or a higher frequency of new production facilities being established near existing industrial clusters. In essence, both lower failure rates and higher founding rates can contribute to the maintenance of geographic concentration, although the driving forces behind each process may differ.
Economic theories of industrial agglomeration explicitly highlight enhanced performance, and implicitly lower failure rates, as the primary process perpetuating the geographic concentration of production. These theories posit that organizations derive economic benefits by strategically locating themselves in advantageous positions. Several factors can contribute to a location's economic desirability, such as proximity to scarce raw materials, inexpensive factors of production, or unique skill sets that minimize input transportation costs. Alternatively, organizations may choose to situate themselves near consumers to provide better service. In other instances, the colocation of structurally equivalent organizations—those operating in the same markets—can yield advantages regardless of the specific location. Various mechanisms, including an extended division of labor, shared labor markets, and knowledge spillovers, can drive these "economies of agglomeration." These factors presumably enhance the performance and survival prospects of firms in efficient locations.
However, these explanations overlook the fact that structurally equivalent organizations also compete for essential resources. To the extent that geography offers another dimension for differentiation, colocation should intensify the degree of structural equivalence—and competition—among organizations. Organizational ecology studies support this expectation, demonstrating that organizations compete more fiercely within local population boundaries, thus challenging traditional theories of geographic concentration.
To reconcile this paradox, we propose an alternative explanation for the persistence of geographic concentration in production, focusing on the structure of entrepreneurial opportunities as the force sustaining industrial agglomeration. Like other forms of economic action, entrepreneurial action is embedded within a network of social relations that simultaneously enables and constrains activity. We argue that dense local concentrations of structurally equivalent organizations increase the pool of potential entrepreneurs in a region, thereby elevating founding rates. However, not all individuals have equal chances of becoming successful entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial action demands industry-specific knowledge, access to scarce resources, and self-confidence. While some of this knowledge and resources (e.g., financial capital) may be applicable to any potential business venture, many factors are specific to a particular type of enterprise. Without prior industry experience, potential entrepreneurs face difficulties in acquiring this specific human and social capital. Consequently, the current location of production structurally constrains access to these resources.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
A. Explain the economic benefits of industrial agglomeration
B. Propose an alternative explanation for the persistence of geographic concentration in production
C. Discuss the role of entrepreneurial opportunities in industrial agglomeration
D. Highlight the importance of social relations in entrepreneurial action
E. Challenge traditional theories of geographic concentration
2. According to the passage, which of the following factors can contribute to a location's economic desirability for organizations?
A. Proximity to scarce raw materials
B. Inexpensive factors of production
C. Unique skill sets that minimize input transportation costs
D. Proximity to consumers for better service
E. All of the above
3. The passage suggests that colocation of structurally equivalent organizations can lead to:
A. Enhanced performance and survival prospects
B. Increased competition for essential resources
C. Extended division of labor
D. Shared labor markets
E. Knowledge spillovers
4. The author mentions organizational ecology studies to:
A. Support traditional theories of geographic concentration
B. Demonstrate the benefits of colocation for organizations
C. Highlight the increased competition among organizations within local population boundaries
D. Explain the role of entrepreneurial opportunities in industrial agglomeration
E. Provide evidence for the persistence of geographic concentration in production
5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful entrepreneurial action?
A. Industry-specific knowledge
B. Access to scarce resources
C. Self-confidence
D. Prior industry experience
E. Financial capital applicable to any potential business
6. The author's alternative explanation for the persistence of geographic concentration in production focuses on:
A. Superior performance of organizations in concentrated regions
B. Lower failure rates of organizations in industrial clusters
C. The structure of entrepreneurial opportunities
D. Economic benefits derived from strategic location
E. Intense competition among structurally equivalent organizations
7. According to the passage, dense local concentrations of structurally equivalent organizations can lead to:
A. Decreased pool of potential entrepreneurs in a region
B. Lower founding rates of new production facilities
C. Increased access to industry-specific human and social capital
D. Reduced competition for essential resources
E. Higher founding rates of new production facilities
8. The passage suggests that the current location of production:
A. Enables equal access to entrepreneurial resources for all individuals
B. Structurally constrains access to industry-specific knowledge and resources
C. Reduces the importance of social relations in entrepreneurial action
D. Eliminates the need for prior industry experience in entrepreneurial success
E. Enhances the chances of success for all potential entrepreneurs
1. B。这道主旨题的答案在文章的第四段，作者提出了一个替代性解释，即企业家机会的结构是维持产业集聚的力量。
2. E。文章第二段提到了几个可以使某个地点对组织具有经济吸引力的因素，包括稀缺原材料、便宜的生产要素、独特的技能以及消费者proximity。因此答案是全部都有。
3. B。文章第三段指出，结构等价组织的集中会加剧它们对关键资源的竞争。
4. C。文章第三段提到组织生态学研究表明，在地方人口范围内，组织之间的竞争更加激烈，这挑战了传统的地理集中理论。
5. E。文章最后一段提到，一些知识和资源（如资金）可能适用于任何潜在的商业项目，因此并不是成功创业所必需的。
6. C。作者在第四段提出，将创业机会的结构作为维持产业集聚的力量，是对地理集中持续性的一种替代解释。
7. E。文章第四段指出，在一个地区内，结构等价组织的高度集中会增加潜在企业家的数量，从而提高新设施的成立率。
8. B。文章最后一段表明，生产的当前位置会在结构上限制对特定行业的知识和资源的获取。
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发表于 2024-3-27 08:32:34
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