1. The chimpanzee research over several decades has crucial flaw. The research solely bases on records from each sites, ending in overlooks from three reasons
2. First, non- see behaviors are not recorded. Next, without information of behavior frequency. Last, insufficient of details
3. To remedy above flaws, authors conduct another new experiments.
4. Checking list which consists of 65 behaviors with each sites' PIC, they will finally get a result under three categories.
What they interested in is difference among sites. For example, one behavior is common in one site, but it absent in others.
• Studies: a flaw
○ Depend on officially published accounts
○ Overlook: cultural varietion
§ First: not all the activities
□ But: what we need
§ 2nd: not describe how often
□ Aberration or routine behavior?
§ Finally: lack details
□ Scientists at other sites: difficult to record
• New approach:
○ a list of all the behaviors
○ team:classified
§ Customary behavior
§ Habitual
§ Present
§ Absent
○ We interested: cultural variant
§ Absent in some community
§ But habitual or customary in others
§ However exclud some behaviors
□ e.g. algae