alzn2765回归CD，开始答题，问题留言

alzn2765

憋疯了，造福考G同学们吧。有逻辑问题可以跟帖，我尽量作答。祝大家早日分手！

我把我发现的挺好的题集中放在这里，方便大家参考解题思路和技巧。

第一题

Spartina alterniflora, a grass native to salt marshes in eastern North America, was accidentally introduced into the continent's West Coast. Now S. alterniflora threatens to displace a closely related West Coast grass, Spartina foliosa. The invasion of an alien plant can sometimes be halted by introducing into the invaded area an insect that eats the invading species. Conservationists are considering this strategy as a way of combating further displacement of S. foliosa by S. alterniflora.

Determining which of the following would be most useful in assessing the strategy under consideration by the conservationists?

A. Whether any insects were accidentally introduced into the West Coast when S. alterniflora was accidentally introduced there

B. Whether S. alterniflora's displacement of S. foliosa is being hastened by insects that feed on S. foliosa but not on S. alterniflora

C. Whether S. alterniflora has ever been saved from the invasion of an alien species by the introduction of an insect

D. Whether there are insects that, if introduced into the invaded area, would eat only S. alterniflora

E. Whether, if the strategy under consideration were to halt the displacement of S, foliosa by S. alterniflora, S. foliosa would regain the territory it has already lost

典型的Logic Gap型CR题
这种题一般都符合以下形式：有A、B、C三个东西，前提讲了A和B的关系，结论是B和C会有某种关系。逻辑gap就是没说A和C的关系。
此题种：
Insect吃alterniflora-->alterniflora不抢foliosa的地儿
Gap: Insect和Foliosa缺了逻辑关系。即Insect吃不吃Foliosa?注意这里的Insect是特指，特指吃alterniflora的Insect。
解题技巧：找题目中有特指那种吃alterniflora的Insect 和 Foliosa的选项。
A. Any Insects，不是特指。那种Insect没出现。
B. 题中的Insect是吃alterniflora的Insect，该选项的主体是不吃alterniflora的Insect，无关。
C. An insect，不是特指。那种Insect没出现。
D. Insect吃啥，留着
E. 讨论的是foliosa，没Insect。

D选项中Insect是不是只吃alterniflora，等价于Insect不吃Foliosa，故为正确选项。

总结：错误选项只能有3种：
1. 没特指Insect （ABCE）
2. 没Foliosa
3. 以上2都没
正确选项为了提高难度，肯定不是直接给一个讨论同时有““insect”和“Foliosa”的选项。作为出题者，怎么变呢？就是加“非”呗！ABC选项就是把“非”加在了Insect上，导致讨论主体变为了“非”特指Insect，直接无关。而D选项中，并没有直接出现Foliosa，而是出现了alterniflora，其实就是作为“非”出现的：Insect只吃alterniflora，就是等于说“Insect“非”吃Foliosa。

再回看一编选项，你考试时，应该有这样的Filter眼，括弧内是思考逻辑。

A. Whether any insects were accidentally introduced into the West Coast when S. alterniflora was accidentally introduced there （非特指）

B. Whether S. alterniflora's displacement of S. foliosa is being hastened by insects that feed on S. foliosa but not on S. alterniflora （有Insect，但是非特指的那种Insect）

C. Whether S. alterniflora has ever been saved from the invasion of an alien species by the introduction of an insect（非特指）

D. Whether there are insects that, if introduced into the invaded area, would eat only S. alterniflora  （特指，也是同一种Insect）

E. Whether, if the strategy under consideration were to halt the displacement of S, foliosa by S. alterniflora, S. foliosa would regain the territory it has already lost（无Insect）

这样，就想明白了出题者的所有套路，未来解题速度才能提升。

第二题

Commentator: Certain simplistic economic models suggest that as more people compete for jobs in any field, wages will fall. But as more people become interested in watching a professional sport, the salaries of that sport's athletes tend to rise. So, professional athletes’ salaries do not fit these simplistic economic models.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the commentator's argument depends?

A. The simplistic economic models suggest that as revenues in an industry increase, salaries in that industry will rise.

B. Increases in numbers of people interested in watching a professional sport lead to increases in revenue for the organizations that mange and promote that sport.

C. Increases in numbers of people interested in watching a professional sport lead to increases in the number of athletes competing for employment in that sport.

D. The wages of nonathletes’ jobs in certain professional sports have fallen as more people have become interested in watching those sports.

E. Professional athletes' salaries will continue to rise as long as sources of revenue, such as television rights, for the organizations that manage and promote that sport continue to increase.

Logic Gap类型的Assumption题
前提A-->B, 结论C-->非B（也可以是B，都可以）。Gap是A和C之间的Logic Connection。
此题中：
Job Competition Up-->Salary Down
People Watching Up-->athletes’ salary Up
用GWD相关性前提思维：答案一定同时包括Job Competition和People Watching关键词或者等价关键词。

A. 有Salary，Revenue和Salary不等同，没有People Watching和Job Competition，错。
B. 只有people watching，Revenue和Salary不等同，没有Job Competition，错。
C. 有people watching和competing for employment，后者等价于Job Competition。留下。
D. 有people watching和wages of nonathletes’,等价于非“athletes’ salary”，没有Job Competition，错。
E. 有“athletes’ salary”，没有Job Competition和People Watching，错。

这种Logic Gap题很有可能不需要再理解选项意思，就把关键字找出来就能完成答题。
这种题一般出题者怎么迷惑考生呢？
三种套路：
1. Key Logic Component缺失。（ABDE）
2. 引入跟Logic Connection无关的那个Component （ADE，都有athletes’ salary这个非Key Logic Component）
3. 偷换概念，往往容易混淆的关联概念 （AB,引入了Revenue这个跟Salary关联的无关概念）
4. 对Key Logic Component取“非” （D，此处没有对Key Logic Component取非，取非的是跟Logic Connention无关的athletes’ salary ）
其中，1、2、3是错误选项常用套路，4是隐藏正确选项常用套路。

带着这个learning，我们再看一遍选项，你考试时，应该有这样的Filter眼，括弧内是思考逻辑。
A. The simplistic economic models suggest that as revenues in an industry increase, salaries in that industry will rise. （salary是非Key Logic Component，revenue是偷换概念，MD的还没换对对象，鄙视一下）

B. Increases in numbers of people interested in watching a professional sport lead to increases in revenue for the organizations that mange and promote that sport. （缺Key Logic Component, revenue是偷换概念，MD的还没换对对象，再鄙视一下）

C. Increases in numbers of people interested in watching a professional sport lead to increases in the number of athletes competing for employment in that sport. （2个Key Logic Component都在，靠谱）

D. The wages of nonathletes’ jobs in certain professional sports have fallen as more people have become interested in watching those sports. （缺1个Key Logic Component）

E. Professional athletes' salaries will continue to rise as long as sources of revenue, such as television rights, for the organizations that manage and promote that sport continue to increase. （salary是非Key Logic Component，revenue是偷换概念，MD的还没换对对象，最后鄙视一下）

第三题

The rate of new drug development in Nation X has changed little over the last decade, even though, over the same period, the cost of developing a new drug has increased significantly. The patent system in Nation X, because it insulates drug developers from various market pressures, can be expected to produce this sort of cost explosion. Such patent protection allows firms to sell a drug at several times its free-market price for many years, and thus pharmaceutical companies have no incentive to minimize research costs, greatly limiting the duration of these patent protections would promote more cost-efficient new development.

The proposal above relies on which of the following assumptions?

A. In Nation X, current patent protections create impediments to the development of new drugs.

B. If the prices of newly developed drugs were subject to market pressures sooner, companies would have a greater incentive to minimize research costs.

C. If the prices of newly developed drugs were subject to market pressures sooner, pharmaceutical companies would have a greater incentive to increase the number of drugs they develop.

D. Nation X's current patent system causes some pharmaceutical companies to exaggerate their research costs to consumers.

E. If the prices of newly developed drugs were subject to market pressures sooner, pharmaceutical companies would have a greater incentive to improve the effectiveness of new drugs.

此题为“充分必要关系”题。

绕来绕去说了一大段，其实就是个很简单的逻辑陷阱：Years price protection-->非incentive to minimize research costs，结论：非Years price protection-->cost down.

现在：Years price protection是非incentive to minimize research costs的充分条件，而不是充要条件啊！充分条件的意思就是说：有Years price protection，则有非incentive to minimize research costs，但是不是非Years price protection，则是不是一定incentive to minimize research costs我不知道啊！

结论成立的Assumption就是：Year price protection是非incentive to minimize research cost的必要条件，即 非Year price protection-->incentive to minimize research cost.

这题选项就不过了，直选就行。

很多人对充分条件和充要条件分不清，这也是很多“傻政”、“懒政”出现的明显逻辑漏洞的原因，也就是“头疼医头，脚痛医脚”。比如：奥米克戎因人口流动性传播传染-->危害人民生命健康。采取什么政策呢? 消灭人口流动性-->保护人民生命健康。结果呢？很多慢病、心理疾病、有基础疾病的老年人得不到及时干预或救治，去世了。这就是典型的搞不清楚 “奥米克戎”是不是“危害人民生命健康”的充要条件啊！“奥米克戎”是“危害人民生命健康”的充分条件而已，one of the many reasons，甚至不是最大的那个。结果消灭人口流动性之后，人民生命健康得到保护了么？这么简单的一个道理，希望更多的人能通过学习基本的逻辑，认识到。这就是学习逻辑的意义所在。

彭小总

谢谢分享！

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