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Historian Ivy Pinchbeck argued that economic changes in Britain during the industrial revolution (late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries) reduced women's economic power by increasing their dependence on male wage earners. There were exceptions; for example, Pinchbeck acknowledged that textile factories offered some women new wage labor opportunities. However, she noted that such opportunities were confined to a few regions, and that many more women who had produced textiles at home for sale and trade—the traditional “cottage industry”—could not compete with mechanized production. She lamented the displacement of paid work from the home into centralized workplaces and claimed that the division of the workforce into male wage laborers and unpaid female workers at home relegated most women to the margins of economic activity. Yet she also believed that domestic life improved when “home” became a private sphere rather than a site for producing commercial goods.
Orthodox historians have largely neglected Pinchbeck's views, asserting simply that the industrial revolution created new job opportunities for women, especially in manufacturing. However, Pinchbeck's provocative though incomplete analysis demonstrates that the effect of the industrial revolution on women was actually quite complex and requires further research. For example, small-scale studies of women's paid and unpaid labor in individual industries and locales would shed light on regional differences in women's circumstances during industrialization.
1. Which of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? A. Pinchbeck's theories remain little-known because orthodox historians have dismissed and in some cases refuted them. B. Pinchbeck concluded that certain aspects of women's lives improved with Britain's transition from a preindustrial to an industrial economy. C. Pinchbeck's research has been repudiated by historians because it did not produce clear conclusions about women's participation in the workforce. D. Pinchbeck's work, unlike that of other historians, suggested that the effects of industrialization on women were complex. E. Pinchbeck's work has been instrumental in focusing recent scholarship on women in the age of industrialization.
2. Pinchbeck's work, as described in the passage, suggests which of the following about women during the industrial revolution in Britain? A. Women's wage labor opportunities varied somewhat from region to region. B. Women became more economically independent during the industrial revolution than they had been prior to the late eighteenth century. C. Women were forced to manufacture an increasingly varied range of products in the home in order to compete with mechanized production. D. Industrialization had a greater impact on women's economic condition in Britain than it had on women's economic condition in other parts of Europe. E. Industrialization had a greater impact on women's economic condition in rural areas than it did in urban areas.
3. According to the passage, Pinchbeck asserts which of the following about domestic life during the industrial revolution? A. It became more difficult when industrialization consigned women to the margins of economic activity. B. It became strained as more women entered the industrial workforce. C. It was not significantly altered by the economic effects of the industrial revolution. D. It improved because men's and women's work activities became more clearly differentiated. E. It improved as commercial goods were no longer produced in the home.
参考答案： DAE
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发表于 2021-5-7 13:06:14
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