【揽瓜阁6.0】Day9 2021.03.16【自然科学-气候、睡眠】

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jannabi321

Day 8 + Day 9

jujujujujudy

Why is Texas experiencing a winter freeze?

Main Idea
This article discussed the possible reasons for the winter freeze in Texas and what the government need to do in the future to prevent people from suffering the chaos

Paragraph Summary
P1: Background - People’s experience in the Texas winter freeze
Question: What explains the deep freeze? [最后一句引出了下一段落的主题]

P2: Analyzed the possible meteorological reasons that cause this winter freeze.
承接上一段，这一个段落为上个段落提供了解答。

P3: Scientists are keen to link the winter freeze in Texas to climate change. Nonetheless, this perspective was denied by other examples and professionals.  
Scientist argues that.. 说明这是一个观点，一定还有另外一个不同的观点才能够到argue这个词
But as yet... 提出了另外一个观点反驳scientist的观点
注意：Vocab从最开始的freeze变成chill，再变成cold snaps，都是指代同一个事情

P4: What things the Texan politicians can do in the future to prevent people from suffering from the natural disaster.

印象深刻/优美句子
Some scientists are keen to link such cold snaps to climate change, arguing that warming temperatures in the Arctic’s troposphere (the lower atmospheric level which begins at the surface) are weakening the polar vortex and allowing bitter air to escape from the north more often.

Vocab:
crippled by the weather
- v. to injure someone so that they are unable to walk or move in a normal way 使受傷致殘；使跛
to cause serious damage to someone or something, making him, her, or it weak and not effective 嚴重損壞；嚴重削弱
grid - n. sweets or chocolate；a place where sweets or chocolate are made or sold
stratospheric  - adj. 平流層的，同溫層的; informal 極高的；非常的
polar vortex -  n. 極地渦旋
encircles the poles - v. to surround something, forming a circle around it 圍繞；環繞
keep cold air corralled v. 把... 集中一起
troposphere - n. （地球的）對流層
cold snaps - n. A brief period of very cold weather
Wind turbines - n. 風力發電機

阅读时间：3:16 mins
总结时间：30 mins
总时间: 35 mins

Rapid Eye Movement

Main Idea
The article discussed the similarities and differences in REM sleep, the waking state, and slow-wave sleep.

论点/段落大意

P1: Discussed the three similarities that REM sleep and awakened state have in common - EEG waves, “theta rhythm” wave, and brain temperatures.
close relationship - REM sleep跟 the waking state有联系
In contrast to the slow-wave pattern - slow-wave跟REM以及the waking state都不一样
Additionally .. both - continue to talk about REM and the waking state.
Third similarity - 提示前面还有两种similarity 赶快找

P2: The study showed that PGO spikes can occur in REM sleep and spontaneously, however, subsequent study discovered that both sounds and touch could produce PGO spikes in REM or several slow-wave sleep phases.
Argumented … 观点与上个段落不同。上一段讲的都是共同点，这段是不是会讨论他们哪里不同？
However - 上面的discovery都要被否定了

P3: Similar to PGO spkies, EMPS can be stimulated during REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, and wakefulness. Both PGO spikes and EMPs are seens as varieties of a general alerting response.

印象深刻/优美句子
However, when a laboratory workder accidentally strunk an EEG recording cage while a cat’s shlow-wave sleep was being traced, a PGO spike appeared in the record almost instantly.

生词
Paradoxical  - n.矛盾的
Amplitude - n. 幅度；振幅；波幅
Hippocampus - n. a part of the brain that is part of the limbic system and is important for memory（大腦）海馬
Manifest - v. to show something clearly, through signs or actions 顯示；表現；表明/ - adj. easily noticed or obvious 明顯的，顯而易見的

阅读时间：6 mins + 笔记
总结时间：30 mins
总时间: 35 mins

MMMMel

阅读时间4；13 总结10min

主旨：介绍了在TEXA的极端寒冷天气，并指出可能与气候变化有关，但是没有直接的证据，虽然如此，早做准备仍然是必要的。
P1：T出现了极端寒冷的天气，导致了一系列严重的社会影响。
P2：介绍了这个寒潮引起的原因》
P3:一些科学家把这个现象与气候变化联系起来了，但是却没有清晰的联系证明。
P4：TEXAN政治家采取一系列措施处理这一问题，虽然天气变化不能解释这一问题，但是充分的准备会对随后的一些自然灾害有所应对。

Passage2
阅读时间3；38
主旨：一个偶然的发现打破了旧观点，促进了关于PGO ,EMP的重新审视。
P1：介绍了REM时大脑的状态和清醒时类似的地方
P2：一个实验打破了传统的观点“PGO只在REM的时候产生”
P3：        说明PGO,EMP是受环境影响，在REM和 slow waves还有清醒时都可以产生。               

生词：
paradoxical，amplitude，augment增大，提高，扩大spontaneous自发的，无意识的，自然地

菅直男

Day 9 打卡
【自然科学-气候】
Why is Texas experiencing a winter freeze?
(The Economist 528字 短精读 )

记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间
6‘30 , 16 min

1. 主题
讨论德州突发严寒天气的原因和应对方法

2.分论点
Para 1：背景：德州少有地进入严冬，大面积区域低于5°
Para 2：原因①：是由于快速加热平流层引起极地气旋减弱。导致冷空气加速南下，而暖空气加速北上。
Para 3：推测：科学家们照惯例推到’气候变迁‘的头上，但并没有发现实际联系。             反驳：19-20年气旋就很强烈（没有变弱），那时候气候变迁一样存在  ；  论据2：GJVO指出气候变暖影响不到气旋所在高度
Para 4：德州政府开始极力应对严寒带来的问题； 观点：以后极端天气会更多，应该提前做好应对；

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
略

4.总结文章中的生词
keen: 敏锐的
cold snaps 寒流
power plants 发电厂

【人文科学-历史】
The conquest of the Aztec empire
7 min, 22 min
1. 主题
对比分析REM睡眠、Slow-wave睡眠和清醒状态的脑部组织活动情况、脑电波动

2.分论点

段1：REM与清醒时有多种相似之处，与Slow-Sleep 形成对比：
        ①EEG
        ②海马结构活动
        ③脑部温度升高
段2：【转折】原以为PGO spike 只能发生在REM中，但实验偶然发现不同睡眠时期，包括Slow-Sleep，都可以通过声音或者触摸产生PGO spike
段3：上个发现促进了EMPs的重新评定，和PGO spike一样，都可以在REM睡眠、Slow-wave睡眠和清醒状态通过不同刺激而产生


3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

amplitude  振幅


4.总结文章中的生词
Hippocampus海马体

Izzieezi

六 Day9

529200

Passage#1
【Summary】Problems of Texans’ extreme chill->reason->recommended solution
【Main ideas】
-Texas experienced a rarely cold weather that caused the state to suffer from power outages
-Reason: rapid heating in the stratosphere-> weaken the polar vortex-> cold air that normally corralled in the poles escaped to the south-> cold air in Texas
-Scientists: such cold is linked to climate change. Warming in the Arctic’s troposphere->weaken the polar vortex
-Climate change is undeniably causing temperatures in the Arctic to increase. HOWEVER: no clear link between climate change and the behavior of the polar vortex. Example: Strong vortex in 2019-20 despite global warming.
-Government should be prepared for natural disasters
【Vocab】
Salopettes 滑雪那种厚的背带裤
Stratosphere 平流层
polar vortex 极地涡旋- helps keep the colder air near the Poles
corralled 聚集
troposphere 对流层，比平流层低
frigid 寒冷的 （冰箱：fridge）
droughts 干旱
【Reading:   5min Notes: 20min】





Passage#2
【Summary】The passage presented the similarities of REM sleep and waking state, and later analyzed deeper findings of REM sleep.
【Main ideas】
-REM sleep is similar to waking state. 1) identical electrical activity waves. 2) similar neurological activity in various subunits of the brain. Example: activity rhythm of hippocampus in both states. And 3) same level of temperatures.  
-Recent finding: PGO spikes occur uniquely in REM sleep and occur spontaneously without external stimulus.
-However, a PGO spike of a sleeping cat appeared instantly when sleeping is interrupted ->sound and touch could produce PGO spikes in either REM or slow-wave sleep->PGO spikes: general alerting response in slow sleep
-Prompted: EMPs, occur in waking state, and depends on light
-Identical to PGO spikes->thus they’re   general alerting response which could occur in REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep, and wakefulness
【Vocab】
Aroused 唤醒
Augmented 增广的；增音的；扩张的
Stimulus  刺激；激励；刺激物
【Reading:3min  Notes: 32min】

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