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5-1 Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity. Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal? - Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.
- The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.
- The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.
- Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.
- The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.
[size=14.6667px]C 1'55''
[size=14.6667px]fact：CO2和甲烷会阻止大气层热量散发，从而导致温室效应。
[size=14.6667px]plan：燃烧甲烷用来发电
[size=14.6667px]objection：甲烷燃烧可以generate CO2
[size=14.6667px]最终目的：减少温室气体排放，减缓温室效应
[size=14.6667px]预测削弱点：虽然CO2减少，但甲烷释放增加，最终排放的温室气体不一定减少，或者总效果不一定好
[size=14.6667px]
[size=14.6667px]A：无关
[size=14.6667px]B：无关
[size=14.6667px]C：甲烷是用来替代本来燃烧根本不产生温室气体的fuel的→甲烷释放增加、CO2释放减少，最后效果不一定
[size=14.6667px]D：甲烷比CO2 block heat的能力更强（但如果这个plan可以让总体温室气体排放量减少，就无所谓哪个能力更强）
[size=14.6667px]E：无关
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5-2 Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business. Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies? - None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
- It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.
- Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
- Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
- None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.
E 1'45'' fact：一共有3大7小生产商，如果政府出台规定，10家公司都必须遵守 premise：？ conclusion：7家小公司不能负担convert 生产线的成本，所以最后只有3大可以继续做这个生意 预测premise：目前7家小公司都不符合政府规定→必须convert，否则就违法
5-3 Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? - The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
- Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
- Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
- The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
- Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.
C 1'15'' fact：部分学生会对chemicals过敏。近十年来被送去治疗过敏的学生比例增加了。 premise：？ conclusion：这十年要么就是学生变得更加容易过敏了，要么就是chemicals的quantities增加了 预测其他原因：C（只是被送去治疗的学生变多了，总的过敏人数其实没变化）
5-4 Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing. Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? - The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
- The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
- The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
- The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
- The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.
B 1'50'' 第一个BF是观点，是一个conclusion；第二个BF和第一个方向相同，不存在oppose
5-5 Which of the following most logically completes the passage? Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______. - large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths
- large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates
- small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation
- large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do
- most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects
B 1’50'' fact: moth可以调控身体温度，当空气温度比它们体温低太多的时候，它们会容易被predators攻击；通常，larger moth可以比small one飞得更快，但体温也更高，所以？ 预测解释：要和体温、空气温度相关
5-6 A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs. The argument above assumes which of the following? - There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
- There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
- Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
- Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
- There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.
A 2'10''
fact：Ace Repair的reworked jobs做得很好，但initial repair做得很不好。
premise：？
conclusion：不是因为机器原因，而是rework的时候更加专注、花了更多精力
假设：做rework和first-time的是同一批人（同一批人才可以区分出concentration的问题，不同一批人没有可比性）
5-7 Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution. Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate. Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following? A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people E 2‘30'' E：snowmobiles制造空气污染应该被ban M: snowmobiling带来很多游客，对当地人来说有很大的financial benefits E：但也有很多滑雪的人因为noise和pollution而不来了
5-8 Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year. The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument? - Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron?
- Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements?
- Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission?
- Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years?
- Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?
A 1'50'' fact：B是当地很有名的商人，虽然他总说要竞选governor，但他从来没有；然而听说B已经符合了financial disclosure requirement，用来竞选governor conclusion：B很可能会参加今年governor的竞选
A：如果有人比他更符合，那可能B就无法成为candidate B：是不是唯一渠道，不重要 C：质疑消息的可靠性（这是前提） D：无关 E：gubernatorial elections和governor竞选无关？
5-9 Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions. Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response? - Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book
- Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned
- Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews
- Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view
- Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes
D 2'30'' premise: 我们去年book review的时候发现表达了很明确的conservative views，直到我们收到了liberal postition才出版这本杂志 conclusion：我们的杂志没有liberal bias，我们的行为是a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions
5-10 A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers. In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following? - Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products
- Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency
- Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others
- Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect
- Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market
[size=14.6667px]A 2'40''
[size=14.6667px]plan:大力度折扣，虽然利润降低，但可以吸引很多竞争对手的客户
[size=14.6667px]goal:automaker可以把通过打折吸引来的客户转变为忠实客户，从而增加market share
[size=14.6667px]A：竞争对手如果也offer deep discount，就无法实现吸引新客户的目的
[size=14.6667px]D：profit不是重点，能否增加客户群才是重点?
[size=14.6667px]BCE无关
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发表于 2020-9-4 21:55:40
